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''[[Citrobacter youngae|C. youngae]]''<br>
''[[Citrobacter youngae|C. youngae]]''<br>
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'''''Citrobacter''''' is a [[genus (biology)|genus]] of [[gram-negative]] [[Coliform]] [[bacteria]] in the [[Enterobacteriaceae]] [[family (biology)|family]].
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{{CMG}}
==Overview==
Citrobacter is a [[genus]] of [[Gram-negative bacteria|Gram-negative]] [[coliform bacteria|coliform]] [[bacteria]] in the [[Enterobacteriaceae]] [[family (biology)|family]]. They are rarely the source of illnesses, except for infections of the [[urinary tract]] and [[infant]] [[meningitis]] and [[sepsis]].<ref>{{cite journal | title = Bacteremias due to Citrobacter diversus and Citrobacter freundii. Incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcome  | author =  V. Drelichman |author2=J. D. Band | journal = Archives of Internal Medicine | volume = 145 | pages = 1808–1810 | year = 1985 | pmid = 3899035 | doi = 10.1001/archinte.145.10.1808 | issue = 10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Citrobacter freundii Invades and Replicates in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells | author = Badger, J.D. |author2=M.F. Stins |author3=K.S. Kim | journal=Infection and Immunity | volume=67 | pages = 4208–15 | pmid = 10417193 | year =  1999 | issue = 8 | pmc = 96726 }}</ref>


The [[species (biology)|species]] ''C. amalonaticus'', ''C. koseri'', and ''C. freundii'' use solely [[citrate]] as a [[carbon]] source. These bacteria can be found almost everywhere in [[soil]], [[water]], [[wastewater]], etc. It can also be found in the [[human]] [[intestine]]. They are rarely the source of illnesses, except for infections of the [[urinary tract]] and [[infant]] [[meningitis]].
==Organism==
 
* Citrobacter is a [[genus (biology)|genus]] of [[gram-negative]] [[Coliform]] [[bacteria]] in the [[Enterobacteriaceae]] [[family (biology)|family]].
''Citrobacter'' shows the ability to accumulate [[uranium]] by building phosphate complexes.<ref>{{cite journal
* The [[species (biology)|species]] ''C. amalonaticus'', ''C. koseri'', and ''C. freundii'' use solely [[citrate]] as a [[carbon]] source. These bacteria can be found almost everywhere in [[soil]], [[water]], [[wastewater]], etc. It can also be found in the [[human]] [[intestine]]. They are rarely the source of illnesses, except for infections of the [[urinary tract]] and [[infant]] [[meningitis]].
* Citrobacter shows the ability to accumulate [[uranium]] by building phosphate complexes.<ref>{{cite journal
| title = Uranium bioaccumulation by a Citrobacter sp. as a result of enzymically mediated growth of polycrystalline HUO<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>
| title = Uranium bioaccumulation by a Citrobacter sp. as a result of enzymically mediated growth of polycrystalline HUO<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>
| author = L. E. Macaskie, R. M. Empson, A. K. Cheetham, C. P. Grey, A. J. Skarnulis
| author = L. E. Macaskie, R. M. Empson, A. K. Cheetham, C. P. Grey, A. J. Skarnulis
Line 39: Line 43:
| pages = 782-784
| pages = 782-784
| doi = 10.1126/science.1496397}}</ref>
| doi = 10.1126/science.1496397}}</ref>
 
===Citrobacter freundi===
2. Bacteremias due to Citrobacter diversus and Citrobacter freundii. Incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcome  AUTHORS:  V. Drelichman and J. D. Band
* Citrobacter freundi is a species of facultative. aerobic. Gram-negative bacilli of the Enterobacteriaceae family.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Citrobacter'' SPP. |date=2012 |work=Pathogen Safety Data Sheet — Infectious Substances |publisher=Public Health Agency of Canada |url=http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/citrobacter-eng.php}}</ref> The bacteria are long rod-shaped with a typical length of 1–5 μm.<ref name="pmid11269372">{{Cite pmid|11269372}}</ref> Most ''C. freundii'' cells are surrounded by several flagella used for locomotion, but a few are not mobile. It can be found in soil, water, sewage, food, and the intestinal tracts of animals and humans.<ref name="pmid11269372">{{Cite pmid|11269372}}</ref> The ''Citrobacter'' genus was discovered in 1932 by Werkman and Gillen. Cultures of'' C. freundii'' were isolated and identified in the same year from soil extracts.<ref name="pmid11269372">{{Cite pmid|11269372}}</ref>
 
* As an opportunistic pathogen, ''C. freundii'' is responsible for a number of significant infections. It is known to be the cause of a number of nosocomial infections of the respiratory tract, urinary tract, blood, and many other normally sterile sites in patients.<ref name="pmid17224563">{{Cite pmid|17224563}}</ref> ''C. freundii'' represents about 29% of all opportunistic infections.<ref name="pmid17224563">{{Cite pmid|17224563}}</ref>
From 1974 to 1982, 38 patients developed Citrobacter bacteremia at two adult community-teaching hospitals in the Detroit Medical Center (incidence, 1.2 cases per 10,000 discharges). Citrobacter accounted for 0.7% of all bacteremias during the study period. Of 31 cases reviewed, Citrobacter bacteremia frequently developed in elderly patients (65%) and was hospital acquired (77%). Initial sites of infection included the urinary tract (39%), gastrointestinal tract (27%), wound (10%), and unknown (13%). More bacteremias caused by Citrobacter diversus tended to arise from the urinary tract, while patients with Citrobacter freundii bacteremia had significantly more gallbladder disease. Patients with Citrobacter bacteremia were more likely than patients with Escherichia coli bacteremia to have had additional pathogens in the bloodstream, to develop bacteremia in the hospital, and to have undergone invasive procedures contributing to infection. Significant differences were not observed in demographic, host, or other epidemiologic or clinical factors examined. Of patients with Citrobacter bacteremia, 48% died.
* Surprisingly, this infectious microbe in humans plays a positive role in the environment. ''C. freundii'' is responsible for reducing nitrate to nitrite in the environment.<ref name="pmid8983520">{{Cite pmid|8983520}}</ref> This conversion is an important and crucial stage in the [[nitrogen cycle]]. These bacteria also help in recycling nitrogen.<ref name="pmid8983520">{{Cite pmid|8983520}}</ref>
* C. freundii has also been investigated for biodegradation of tannic acid used in tanneries.<ref name="pmid8983520">{{Cite pmid|8983520}}</ref>
* For metabolism, ''C. freundii'' has an ability to grow on glycerol as the sole carbon and energy source. Within its cell, a bacterial microcompartment can be found, which is capable of processing propanediol.<ref name="pmid21245529">{{Cite pmid|21245529}}</ref>




3.  Citrobacter freundii Invades and Replicates in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells  AUTHORS Julie L. Badger,1 Monique F. Stins,1 and Kwang Sik Kim1,2,*  
===Antimicrobial regimen===
Division of Infectious Diseases, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles,1 and University of Southern California School of Medicine,2 Los Angeles, California 90027
:* '''Citrobacter freundii'''<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
Received 12 February 1999/Accepted 4 May 1999
::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Meropenem]] 1-2 g IV q8h
Neonatal bacterial meningitis remains a disease with unacceptable rates of morbidity and mortality despite the availability of effective antimicrobial therapy. Citrobacter spp. cause neonatal meningitis but are unique in their frequent association with brain abscess formation. The pathogenesis of Citrobacter spp. causing meningitis and brain abscess is not well characterized; however, as with other meningitis-causing bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli K1 and group B streptococci), penetration of the blood-brain barrier must occur. In an effort to understand the pathogenesis of Citrobacter spp. causing meningitis, we have used the in vitro blood-brain barrier model of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) to study the interaction between C. freundii and HBMEC. In this study, we show that C. freundii is capable of invading and trancytosing HBMEC in vitro. Invasion of HBMEC by C. freundii was determined to be dependent on microfilaments, microtubules, endosome acidification, and de novo protein synthesis. Immunofluorescence microscopy studies revealed that microtubules aggregated after HBMEC came in contact with C. freundii; furthermore, the microtubule aggregation was time dependent and seen with C. freundii but not with noninvasive E. coli HB101 and meningitic E. coli K1. Also in contrast to other meningitis-causing bacteria, C. freundii is able to replicate within HBMEC. This is the first demonstration of a meningitis-causing bacterium capable of intracellular replication within BMEC. The important determinants of the pathogenesis of C. freundii causing meningitis and brain abscess may relate to invasion of and intracellular replication in HBME
::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Imipenem]] 1 g IV q6h
::* Preferred regimen (3): [[Doripenem]] 500 mg IV q8h
::* Preferred regimen (4): [[Cefepime]] 1-2 g IV q8h
::* Preferred regimen (5): [[Ciprofloxacin]] 400 mg IV q12h or 500 mg PO bid for UTI
::* Preferred regimen (6): [[Gentamicin]] 5 mg/kg IV q24h
::* Alternative regimen (1): [[Piperacillin-tazobactam]] 3.375 mg IV q6h 
::* Alternative regimen (2): [[Aztreonam]] 1-2 g IV q6h
::* Alternative regimen (3): [[TMP-SMX]] 5 mg/kg q6h IV or DS PO bid for UTI
::* Note: Usually [[Carbenicillin]] sensitive, [[Cephalothin]] resistant
:* '''Citrobacter koseri'''<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Ceftriaxone]] 1-2 g IV q12-24h
::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Cefotaxime]] 1-2 g IV q6h
::* Preferred regimen (3): [[Cefepime]] 1-2 IV q8h
::* Alternative regimen (1): [[Ciprofloxacin]] 400 mg IV q12h or 500 mg PO q12h for UTI
::* Alternative regimen (2): [[Imipenem]] 1 g IV q6h
::* Alternative regimen (3): [[Doripenem]] 500 mg IV q8h
::* Alternative regimen (4): [[Meropenem]] 1-2 g IV q8h
::* Alternative regimen (5): [[Aztreonam]] 1-2 g IV q6h
::* Alternative regimen (6): [[TMP-SMX]] 5 mg/kg IV q6h  or DS PO bid for UTI
::* Note: Usually [[Ampicillin]] resistant, but may be sensitive to first generation [[cephalosporins]].


===Anti microbial regimen===
:* Citrobacter freundii<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
::* Preferred regimen: [[Meropenem]] 1-2 g IV q8h {{or}} [[Imipenem]] 1 g IV q6h {{or}} [[Doripenem]] 500 mg IVq8h{{or}} [[Cefepime]] 1-2 g IV q8h {{or}} [[Ciprofloxacin]] 400 mg IV q12h(or 500 mg PO bid for UTI) {{or}} [[Gentamicin]] 5 mg/kg/day.
::* Alternate regimen: [[Piperacillin]]/[[tazobactam]] 3.375 mg q6h IV {{or}} [[Aztreonam]] 1-2 g IV q6h {{or}} [[TMP-SMX]] 5 mg/kg q6h IV (or DS PO bid for UTI).
::* Citrobacter koseri<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:::* Preferred regimen: [[Ceftriaxone]] 1-2 g IV q12-24 {{or}} [[Cefotaxime]] 1-2 g IV q6h {{or}} [[Cefepime]] 1-2 IV q8h.
:::* Alternate regimen: [[Ciprofloxacin]] 400 mg IV q12h (or 500 mg PO q12h for UTI){{or}} [[Imipenem]] 1 g IV q6h {{or}} [[Doripenem]] 500 mg IV q8h {{or}} [[Meropenem]] 1-2 g IV q8h {{or}} [[Aztreonam]] 1-2 g IV q6h{{or}} [[TMP-SMX]] 5 mg/kg q6h IV (or DS PO bid for UTI).
:::*Note: Usually [[Ampicillin]] resistant, but may be sensitive to [[Cephalosporins|first generation cephalosporins]]
==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image: Enterobacteria55.jpeg|Triple sugar iron agar (TSI) tested for Salmonella (H2S+) and (H2S-); Citrobacter sp. and S. arizonae. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
Image: Enterobacteria55.jpeg|Triple sugar iron agar (TSI) tested for Salmonella (H2S+) and (H2S-); Citrobacter sp. and S. arizonae. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
</gallery>
</gallery>


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[[Category:Enterobacteria]]
[[Category:Enterobacteria]]
[[Category:Gram negative bacteria]]
[[Category:Gram negative bacteria]]
[[Category: Infectious Disease Project]]
{{proteobacteria-stub}}
{{proteobacteria-stub}}


Latest revision as of 15:02, 7 August 2015

Citrobacter
Citrobacter freundii
Citrobacter freundii
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Class: Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Enterobacteriales
Family: Enterobacteriaceae
Genus: Citrobacter
Werkman and Gillen, 1932
Species

C. amalonaticus
C. braakii
C. farmeri
C. freundii
C. gillenii
C. intermedius
C. koseri aka C. diversus
C. murliniae
C. rodentium
C. sedlakii
C. werkmanii
C. youngae

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Citrobacter is a genus of Gram-negative coliform bacteria in the Enterobacteriaceae family. They are rarely the source of illnesses, except for infections of the urinary tract and infant meningitis and sepsis.[1][2]

Organism

Citrobacter freundi

  • Citrobacter freundi is a species of facultative. aerobic. Gram-negative bacilli of the Enterobacteriaceae family.[4] The bacteria are long rod-shaped with a typical length of 1–5 μm.[5] Most C. freundii cells are surrounded by several flagella used for locomotion, but a few are not mobile. It can be found in soil, water, sewage, food, and the intestinal tracts of animals and humans.[5] The Citrobacter genus was discovered in 1932 by Werkman and Gillen. Cultures of C. freundii were isolated and identified in the same year from soil extracts.[5]
  • As an opportunistic pathogen, C. freundii is responsible for a number of significant infections. It is known to be the cause of a number of nosocomial infections of the respiratory tract, urinary tract, blood, and many other normally sterile sites in patients.[6] C. freundii represents about 29% of all opportunistic infections.[6]
  • Surprisingly, this infectious microbe in humans plays a positive role in the environment. C. freundii is responsible for reducing nitrate to nitrite in the environment.[7] This conversion is an important and crucial stage in the nitrogen cycle. These bacteria also help in recycling nitrogen.[7]
  • C. freundii has also been investigated for biodegradation of tannic acid used in tanneries.[7]
  • For metabolism, C. freundii has an ability to grow on glycerol as the sole carbon and energy source. Within its cell, a bacterial microcompartment can be found, which is capable of processing propanediol.[8]


Antimicrobial regimen

  • Citrobacter freundii[9]
  • Citrobacter koseri[10]
  • Preferred regimen (1): Ceftriaxone 1-2 g IV q12-24h
  • Preferred regimen (2): Cefotaxime 1-2 g IV q6h
  • Preferred regimen (3): Cefepime 1-2 IV q8h
  • Alternative regimen (1): Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q12h or 500 mg PO q12h for UTI
  • Alternative regimen (2): Imipenem 1 g IV q6h
  • Alternative regimen (3): Doripenem 500 mg IV q8h
  • Alternative regimen (4): Meropenem 1-2 g IV q8h
  • Alternative regimen (5): Aztreonam 1-2 g IV q6h
  • Alternative regimen (6): TMP-SMX 5 mg/kg IV q6h or DS PO bid for UTI
  • Note: Usually Ampicillin resistant, but may be sensitive to first generation cephalosporins.

Gallery

References

  1. ↑ V. Drelichman; J. D. Band (1985). "Bacteremias due to Citrobacter diversus and Citrobacter freundii. Incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcome". Archives of Internal Medicine. 145 (10): 1808–1810. doi:10.1001/archinte.145.10.1808. PMID 3899035.
  2. ↑ Badger, J.D.; M.F. Stins; K.S. Kim (1999). "Citrobacter freundii Invades and Replicates in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells". Infection and Immunity. 67 (8): 4208–15. PMC 96726. PMID 10417193.
  3. ↑ L. E. Macaskie, R. M. Empson, A. K. Cheetham, C. P. Grey, A. J. Skarnulis (1992). "Uranium bioaccumulation by a Citrobacter sp. as a result of enzymically mediated growth of polycrystalline HUO2PO4". Science. 257: 782–784. doi:10.1126/science.1496397.
  4. ↑ "Citrobacter SPP". Pathogen Safety Data Sheet — Infectious Substances. Public Health Agency of Canada. 2012.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 PMID 11269372 (PMID 11269372)
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  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 PMID 17224563 (PMID 17224563)
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  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 PMID 8983520 (PMID 8983520)
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  8. ↑ PMID 21245529 (PMID 21245529)
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  9. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  10. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  11. ↑ "Public Health Image Library (PHIL)".

External links

Template:Proteobacteria-stub

ca:Citrobacteri de:Citrobacter

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