Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overview: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
'''Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease''' (COPD), also known as '''chronic obstructive lung disease''' (COLD), '''chronic obstructive airway disease''' (COAD), '''chronic airflow limitation''' (CAL) and '''chronic obstructive respiratory disease '''(CORD), is characterized by the pathological limitation of airflow in the airway that is not fully reversible <ref name="pmid12198919">{{cite journal |author=Mannino DM, Homa DM, Akinbami LJ, Ford ES, Redd SC |title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease surveillance--United States, 1971-2000 |journal=[[MMWR. Surveillance Summaries : Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries / CDC]] |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=1–16 |year=2002 |month=August |pmid=12198919 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-03-01}}</ref>. COPD is the umbrella term for chronic [[bronchitis]], [[emphysema]] and a range of other lung disorders. This leads to a limitation of the flow of air to and from the lungs, causing [[shortness of breath]] (dyspnea). In clinical practice, COPD is defined by its characteristically low airflow on [[lung function test]]s.<ref name=Nathell>{{cite doi|10.1186/1465-9921-8-89}} [http://respiratory-research.com/content/8/1/89]</ref> In contrast to [[asthma]], this limitation is poorly reversible and usually gets progressively worse over time. | '''Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease''' (COPD), also known as '''chronic obstructive lung disease''' (COLD), '''chronic obstructive airway disease''' (COAD), '''chronic airflow limitation''' (CAL) and '''chronic obstructive respiratory disease '''(CORD), is characterized by the pathological limitation of airflow in the airway that is not fully reversible <ref name="pmid12198919">{{cite journal |author=Mannino DM, Homa DM, Akinbami LJ, Ford ES, Redd SC |title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease surveillance--United States, 1971-2000 |journal=[[MMWR. Surveillance Summaries : Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries / CDC]] |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=1–16 |year=2002 |month=August |pmid=12198919 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-03-01}}</ref>. COPD is the umbrella term for chronic [[bronchitis]], [[emphysema]] and a range of other lung disorders. This leads to a limitation of the flow of air to and from the lungs, causing [[shortness of breath]] (dyspnea). In clinical practice, COPD is defined by its characteristically low airflow on [[lung function test]]s.<ref name=Nathell>{{cite doi|10.1186/1465-9921-8-89}} [http://respiratory-research.com/content/8/1/89]</ref> In contrast to [[asthma]], this limitation is poorly reversible and usually gets progressively worse over time. | ||
==Epidemiology and demographics== | |||
Worldwide, COPD ranked as the sixth leading cause of death in 1990. It is projected to be the fourth leading cause of death worldwide by 2030 due to an increase in smoking rates and demographic changes in many countries.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mathers CD, Loncar D |title=Projections of Global Mortality and Burden of Disease from 2002 to 2030 |journal=PLoS Med. |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=e442 |year=2006 |month=November |pmid=17132052 |pmc=1664601 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442 |url=http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442}}</ref> COPD is the third leading cause of death in the U.S. and the economic burden of COPD in the U.S. in 2007 was $42.6 billion in health care costs and lost productivity.<ref>[http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/lung/copd/ COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name = "NHLBI chart book">{{cite web |url= http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/docs/07a-chtbk.pdf |format=PDF|title= 2007 NHLBI Morbidity and Mortality Chart Book|accessdate=2008-06-06 |work= }}</ref> | Worldwide, COPD ranked as the sixth leading cause of death in 1990. It is projected to be the fourth leading cause of death worldwide by 2030 due to an increase in smoking rates and demographic changes in many countries.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mathers CD, Loncar D |title=Projections of Global Mortality and Burden of Disease from 2002 to 2030 |journal=PLoS Med. |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=e442 |year=2006 |month=November |pmid=17132052 |pmc=1664601 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442 |url=http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442}}</ref> COPD is the third leading cause of death in the U.S. and the economic burden of COPD in the U.S. in 2007 was $42.6 billion in health care costs and lost productivity.<ref>[http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/lung/copd/ COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name = "NHLBI chart book">{{cite web |url= http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/docs/07a-chtbk.pdf |format=PDF|title= 2007 NHLBI Morbidity and Mortality Chart Book|accessdate=2008-06-06 |work= }}</ref> | ||
{{TOC limit|3}} | {{TOC limit|3}} | ||
==Causes== | |||
It is most often due to [[tobacco smoking]],<ref name="dev">Devereux G. ''ABC of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Definition, epidemiology, and risk factors.'' [[British Medical Journal|BMJ]] 2006;332:1142-1144. PMID 16690673</ref>, <ref>{{cite web |title=What is COPD? |date=June 01, 2010 |work=National Heart Lung and Blood Institute |publisher=U.S. National Institutes of Health |url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/copd/}}</ref>, <ref name="pmid17507545">{{cite journal |author=Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, ''et al.'' |title=Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: GOLD Executive Summary |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=176 |issue=6 |pages=532–55 |year=2007 }}</ref> but can be due to other airborne irritants such as coal dust, [[asbestos]] or solvents, congenital conditions such as [[alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency]] and as well as preserved meats containing nitrites. | |||
==Diagnosis== | |||
The diagnosis of COPD requires [[lung function tests]]. | |||
==Treatment== | |||
Important management strategies are [[smoking cessation]], [[vaccination]]s, [[Physical medicine and rehabilitation|rehabilitation]], and drug therapy (often using [[inhaler]]s). Some patients go on to require [[oxygen therapy|long-term oxygen therapy]] or [[lung transplantation]].<ref name="pmid17507545" /> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 19:53, 2 March 2012
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Microchapters |
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Differentiating Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from other Diseases |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overview |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]; Philip Marcus, M.D., M.P.H. [3]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [4]
Overview
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), also known as chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD), chronic airflow limitation (CAL) and chronic obstructive respiratory disease (CORD), is characterized by the pathological limitation of airflow in the airway that is not fully reversible [1]. COPD is the umbrella term for chronic bronchitis, emphysema and a range of other lung disorders. This leads to a limitation of the flow of air to and from the lungs, causing shortness of breath (dyspnea). In clinical practice, COPD is defined by its characteristically low airflow on lung function tests.[2] In contrast to asthma, this limitation is poorly reversible and usually gets progressively worse over time.
Epidemiology and demographics
Worldwide, COPD ranked as the sixth leading cause of death in 1990. It is projected to be the fourth leading cause of death worldwide by 2030 due to an increase in smoking rates and demographic changes in many countries.[3] COPD is the third leading cause of death in the U.S. and the economic burden of COPD in the U.S. in 2007 was $42.6 billion in health care costs and lost productivity.[4][5]
Causes
It is most often due to tobacco smoking,[6], [7], [8] but can be due to other airborne irritants such as coal dust, asbestos or solvents, congenital conditions such as alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and as well as preserved meats containing nitrites.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of COPD requires lung function tests.
Treatment
Important management strategies are smoking cessation, vaccinations, rehabilitation, and drug therapy (often using inhalers). Some patients go on to require long-term oxygen therapy or lung transplantation.[8]
References
- ↑ Mannino DM, Homa DM, Akinbami LJ, Ford ES, Redd SC (2002). "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease surveillance--United States, 1971-2000". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries : Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries / CDC. 51 (6): 1–16. PMID 12198919. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help);|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ Template:Cite doi [1]
- ↑ Mathers CD, Loncar D (2006). "Projections of Global Mortality and Burden of Disease from 2002 to 2030". PLoS Med. 3 (11): e442. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442. PMC 1664601. PMID 17132052. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
- ↑ "2007 NHLBI Morbidity and Mortality Chart Book" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-06-06.
- ↑ Devereux G. ABC of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Definition, epidemiology, and risk factors. BMJ 2006;332:1142-1144. PMID 16690673
- ↑ "What is COPD?". National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. U.S. National Institutes of Health. June 01, 2010. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ 8.0 8.1 Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A; et al. (2007). "Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: GOLD Executive Summary". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 176 (6): 532–55.