Chronic hypertension risk factors
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Hypertension Main page |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Established risk factors for essential hypertension include African American ethnicity, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, increased alcohol intake, increased salt intake in diet, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle and lack of exercise.
Risk Factors
- Ethnicity: African American[1]
- Genetics and Family history: Paternal or maternal[2]
- Tobacco: Especially cigarettes[3]
- Alcohol: Excessive intake of more than 2 alcoholic drinks per day[4]
- Dyslipidemia: Elevated total cholesterol, LDL, or triglyceride or low HDL[5]
- Diabetes mellitus[6]
- Known cardiovascular diseases[6]
- Known kidney diseases[6]
- Diet: Low in fruits and vegetables; excessive sodium intake[7]
- Obesity and recent weight gain: BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2[8]
- Sedentary lifestyle and decreased physical activity[6]
Emerging research is currently studying several new factors that might be contributory and pose risk for the development of essential hypertension, such as:
- Vitamin D insufficiency[9]
- Low ionized serum calcium[10]
- Hyperinsulinemia[11]
- Preterm birth[12]
- Neurofibromatosis Type II[13]
- Plasma reactive carbonyl species[14]
- Hyperuricemia[15]
- Major depression[16]
References
- ↑ Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D; et al. (2001). "Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group". N Engl J Med. 344 (1): 3–10. doi:10.1056/NEJM200101043440101. PMID 11136953.
- ↑ Wang NY, Young JH, Meoni LA, Ford DE, Erlinger TP, Klag MJ (2008). "Blood pressure change and risk of hypertension associated with parental hypertension: the Johns Hopkins Precursors Study". Arch Intern Med. 168 (6): 643–8. doi:10.1001/archinte.168.6.643. PMID 18362257.
- ↑ Gupta PC, Ray CS (2003). "Smokeless tobacco and health in India and South Asia". Respirology. 8 (4): 419–31. PMID 14708551.
- ↑ Marmot MG, Elliott P, Shipley MJ, Dyer AR, Ueshima H, Beevers DG; et al. (1994). "Alcohol and blood pressure: the INTERSALT study". BMJ. 308 (6939): 1263–7. PMC 2540174. PMID 7802765.
- ↑ de Simone G, Devereux RB, Chinali M, Roman MJ, Best LG, Welty TK; et al. (2006). "Risk factors for arterial hypertension in adults with initial optimal blood pressure: the Strong Heart Study". Hypertension. 47 (2): 162–7. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000199103.40105.b5. PMID 16380527.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Cuddy ML (2005). "Treatment of hypertension: guidelines from JNC 7 (the seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure 1)". J Pract Nurs. 55 (4): 17–21, quiz 22-3. PMID 16512265.
- ↑ Forman JP, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC (2009). "Diet and lifestyle risk factors associated with incident hypertension in women". JAMA. 302 (4): 401–11. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1060. PMC 2803081. PMID 19622819.
- ↑ Sonne-Holm S, Sørensen TI, Jensen G, Schnohr P (1989). "Independent effects of weight change and attained body weight on prevalence of arterial hypertension in obese and non-obese men". BMJ. 299 (6702): 767–70. PMC 1837623. PMID 2508915.
- ↑ Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Ritz E, Pieber TR (2009). "Vitamin D status and arterial hypertension: a systematic review". Nat Rev Cardiol. 6 (10): 621–30. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2009.135. PMID 19687790.
- ↑ Hazari MA, Arifuddin MS, Muzzakar S, Reddy VD (2012). "Serum calcium level in hypertension". N Am J Med Sci. 4 (11): 569–72. doi:10.4103/1947-2714.103316. PMC 3503375. PMID 23181228.
- ↑ Park SE, Rhee EJ, Park CY, Oh KW, Park SW, Kim SW; et al. (2012). "Impact of hyperinsulinemia on the development of hypertension in normotensive, nondiabetic adults: a 4-year follow-up study". Metabolism. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2012.09.013. PMID 23122695.
- ↑ Norman M (2010). "Preterm birth--an emerging risk factor for adult hypertension?". Semin Perinatol. 34 (3): 183–7. doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2010.02.009. PMID 20494733.
- ↑ Hornigold RE, Golding JF, Ferner RE, Ferner RE (2011). "Neurofibromatosis 2: a novel risk factor for hypertension?". Am J Med Genet A. 155A (7): 1721–2. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.34035. PMID 21638762.
- ↑ Chen K, Xie F, Liu S, Li G, Chen Y, Shi W; et al. (2011). "Plasma reactive carbonyl species: Potential risk factor for hypertension". Free Radic Res. 45 (5): 568–74. doi:10.3109/10715762.2011.557723. PMID 21323510.
- ↑ Feig DI (2012). "The role of uric acid in the pathogenesis of hypertension in the young". J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 14 (6): 346–52. doi:10.1111/j.1751-7176.2012.00662.x. PMID 22672087.
- ↑ Patten SB, Williams JV, Lavorato DH, Campbell NR, Eliasziw M, Campbell TS (2009). "Major depression as a risk factor for high blood pressure: epidemiologic evidence from a national longitudinal study". Psychosom Med. 71 (3): 273–9. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181988e5f. PMID 19196807.