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| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| In 400 BC, Hippocrates referred to cervical cancer as cancer of the uterus, it was little known about cervical cancer until the Rennaissance era. In 1842, an Italian physician named Rigoni-stern noticed that cancer of the cervix prevalence was high among married and widowed women and low or rare among the unmarried ladies and absent in Italian nuns. | | In 400 BC, Hippocrates referred to cervical cancer as cancer of the uterus, it was little known about cervical cancer until the Rennaissance era. In 1842, an Italian physician named Rigoni-stern noticed that cancer of the cervix prevalence was high among married and widowed women and low or rare among the unmarried women and absent in Italian nuns. |
| ==Historical Perspective== | | ==Historical Perspective== |
| ::* In 400 BC, Hippocrates referred to cervical cancer as cancer of the uterus which should be left untreated since there is no cure for it. | | ::* In 400 BC, Hippocrates referred to cervical cancer as cancer of the uterus which should be left untreated since there is no cure for it.<ref name="pmid23365496">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nor Hayati O |title=Cancer of the cervix - from bleak past to bright future; a review, with an emphasis on cancer of the cervix in malaysia |journal=Malays J Med Sci |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=13–26 |date=January 2003 |pmid=23365496 |doi= |url=}}</ref> |
| | | ::* In 1842, an Italian physician named Rigoni-stern noticed that cancer of the cervix prevalence was high among married and widowed women and low or rare among the unmarried women and absent in Italian nuns. |
| ::* 1841- Rigoni-stern noticed that cervical cancer was rare in nuns and unmarried women in comparison with married and widowed women population of Verona, Italy.<ref name="pmid23365496">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nor Hayati O |title=Cancer of the cervix - from bleak past to bright future; a review, with an emphasis on cancer of the cervix in malaysia |journal=Malays J Med Sci |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=13–26 |date=January 2003 |pmid=23365496 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| | ::* In 1981, Harold zur Hausen, a German physician, first discovered that infection with papillomavirus is cause of cervical cancer. |
| :::* Cervical cancer was noted to be common in female sex worker's.
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| :::* It was more common in the second wives of men whose first wives had died from cervical cancer.
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| :::* It was rare in Jewish women.<ref name="pmid12674663">{{cite journal | author = Menczer J | title = The low incidence of cervical cancer in Jewish women: has the puzzle finally been solved? | journal = Isr. Med. Assoc. J. | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 120–3 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12674663 | doi = | url = http://www.ima.org.il/imaj/ar03feb-11.pdf | format = PDF }}</ref>
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| ::* 1925 - Hans Hinselmann|Hinselmann invented the [[colposcope]]
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| ::* 1928 - [[Georgios Papanikolaou|Papanicolaou]] developed the Papanicolaou technique
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| ::* 1935 - Syverton and Berry discovered a relationship between RPV (Rabbit Papillomavirus) and skin cancer in rabbit's. (HPV is species-specific and therefore cannot be transmitted to rabbits)
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| ::* 1941 - Papanicolaou and Trout: [[Pap smear]] screening began
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| ::* 1946 - Aylesbury spatula was developed to scrape the cervix, collecting the sample for the Pap smear
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| ::* 1940s- 1950s- The historical observations suggested that cervical cancer could be caused by a sexually transmitted agent. Initial research in the 1940s and 1950s attributed cervical cancer to [[smegma]]<ref name="Heins1958">{{cite journal | author = Heins HC, Dennis EJ, Pratthomas HR | title = The possible role of smegma in carcinoma of the cervix | journal = American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology | volume = 76 | issue = 4 | pages = 726–33 | year = 1958 | pmid = 13583012 | doi = }}</ref>
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| ::* 1949 - A description of [[human papillomavirus]] (HPV) by [[electron microscopy]]
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| ::* 1951 - First successful in-vitro cell line, [[HeLa]], derived from biopsy of cervical cancer of [[Henrietta Lacks]]
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| ::* 1963- HPV-DNA was identified
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| ::* 1976 - Harald zur Hausen and Gisam found HPV DNA in cervical cancer and genital warts; Hausen later won the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] for his work<ref name="zur Hausen2002">{{cite journal|last1=zur Hausen|first1=Harald|title=Papillomaviruses and cancer: from basic studies to clinical application|journal=Nature Reviews Cancer|volume=2|issue=5|year=2002|pages=342–350|issn=14741768|doi=10.1038/nrc798}}</ref>
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| ::* 1960-1970- During the 1960s and 1970s it was suspected that infection with [[herpes simplex virus]] was the cause of the disease. In summary, [[Herpes simplex virus|HSV]] was seen as a likely cause because it is known to survive in the female reproductive tract, to be transmitted sexually in a way compatible with known risk factors, such as promiscuity and low socioeconomic status.<ref name="pmid4352386">{{cite journal | author = Alexander ER | title = Possible Etiologies of Cancer of the Cervix Other Than Herpesvirus | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 33 | issue = 6 | pages = 1485–90 | year = 1973 | pmid = 4352386 }}</ref> Herpes viruses were also implicated in other malignant diseases, including [[Burkitt's lymphoma]], [[Nasopharyngeal carcinoma]], Marek's disease and the Lucké renal adenocarcinoma. HSV was recovered from cervical tumour cells.It has since been demonstrated that HPV is implicated in virtually all cervical cancers.<ref name="pmid16670757">{{cite journal | author = Lowy DR, Schiller JT | title = Prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines | journal = J. Clin. Invest. | volume = 116 | issue = 5 | pages = 1167–73 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16670757 | pmc = 1451224 | doi = 10.1172/JCI28607 }}</ref> Specific viral subtypes implicated are HPV 16, 18, 31, 45 and others. | |
| ::* 1980- In work that was initiated in the mid 1980s, the HPV vaccine was developed, in parallel, by researchers at Georgetown University Medical Center, the University of Rochester, the University of Queensland in Australia, and the U.S. [[National Cancer Institute]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = McNeil C | title = Who invented the VLP cervical cancer vaccines? | journal = J. Natl. Cancer Inst. | volume = 98 | issue = 7 | pages = 433 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16595773 | doi = 10.1093/jnci/djj144 }} PMID 16595773</ref>
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| ::* 1988 - Bethesda System for reporting Pap results was developed
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| ::* 1995 - In the United States, [[physician]]s who fail to [[diagnose]] cervical cancer from a pap smear have been convicted of negligent homicide. In 1988 and 1989, Karen Smith had received pap smears which were argued to have "unequivocally" shown that she had cancer; yet the lab had not made the diagnosis. She died on March 8 1995. Later, a physician and a laboratory technician were convicted of negligent homicide. These events have led to even more rigorous quality assurance programs, and to emphasizing that this is a [[screening]], not a diagnostic, test, associated with a small irreducible error rate.
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| ::* Mid-1990- Since the mid-1990s,the Sure-Path (TriPath Imaging) and Thin-Prep (Cytyc Corp) techniques were used,they are based around placing the sample into a vial containing a liquid medium which preserves the cells.
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| ::* 2006 - First [[HPV vaccine]] FDA was approved,under the trade name Gardasil.
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| ::* 2007 - In the Canadian provinces of Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, free vaccinations to protect women against HPV are slated to begin in September 2007 and will be offered to girls 11-14 in age. Similar vaccination programs are also being planned in British Columbia and Quebec.<ref>[http://www.premier.gov.on.ca/news/Product.asp?ProductID=1552&Lang=EN] Ontario Government Website</ref><ref>[http://www.gov.ns.ca/news/details.asp?id=20070620002] Government of Nova Scotia News Release June 20, 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.kaisernetwork.org/daily_reports/rep_index.cfm?DR_ID=46766] Kaiser Daily Women's Health Policy Aug 09, 2007</ref>Australia has decided to fund the HPV vaccine under the National Immunisation Program commencing in the 2007 school year.<ref>[http://www.health.gov.au/internet/wcms/publishing.nsf/Content/gardasil_hpv.htm]</ref> In the U.K. a similar free vaccination program is being considered,<ref>[http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/help/default_printer_friend.asp?page=16024]</ref> while in the United States, many states are preparing bills to handle issuing the HPV vaccine. | |
| ::* 2014- In April 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved an HPV DNA test that can be used alone for the primary screening of cervical cancer risk in women aged 25 years and older.
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{reflist|2}} | | {{reflist|2}} |