Cephalic disorder: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
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{{SI}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}
{{DiseaseDisorder infobox |
{{DiseaseDisorder infobox |
   Name        = Cephalic disorder |
   Name        = Cephalic disorder |
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   ICD9        = {{ICD9|740}}-{{ICD9|742}} |
   ICD9        = {{ICD9|740}}-{{ICD9|742}} |
}}
}}
{{SI}}
{{CMG}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
'''Cephalic disorders''' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''κεφάλη'', meaning "head") are [[Congenital disorder|congenital]] conditions that stem from damage to, or abnormal development of, the budding [[nervous system]]. Cephalic is a term that means "[[head (anatomy)|head]]" or "head end of the body."
'''Cephalic disorders''' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''κεφάλη'', meaning "head") are [[Congenital disorder|congenital]] conditions that stem from damage to, or abnormal development of, the budding [[nervous system]]. Cephalic is a term that means "[[head (anatomy)|head]]" or "head end of the body."


==Pathophysiology==
==Historical Perspective==
Cephalic disorders are not necessarily caused by a single factor, but may be influenced by [[heredity|hereditary]] or [[genetics|genetic]] conditions, [[nutrition]]al deficiencies, or by environmental exposures during [[pregnancy]], such as [[medication]] taken by the mother, maternal infection, or exposure to [[radiation]] (such disorders are more common in areas of the former [[Soviet Union]] affected by nuclear waste disposal problems, such as the area around the [[Mayak]] plant in [[Chelyabinsk]], [[Russia]].) Some cephalic disorders occur when the cranial sutures (the fibrous joints that connect the [[bone]]s of the [[skull]]) join prematurely. Most cephalic disorders are caused by a disturbance that occurs very early in the development of the [[fetus|fetal]] nervous system.
 
The human nervous system develops from a small, specialized plate of [[cell (biology)|cells]] on the surface of the [[embryo]]. Early in development, this plate of cells forms the neural tube, a narrow sheath that closes between the third and fourth weeks of [[pregnancy]] to form the brain and [[spinal cord]] of the embryo. Four main processes are responsible for the development of the nervous system: cell proliferation, the process in which [[nerve]] cells divide to form new generations of cells; cell migration, the process in which nerve cells move from their place of origin to the place where they will remain for life; cell differentiation, the process during which cells acquire individual characteristics; and cell death, a natural process in which cells die.


Damage to the developing nervous system is a major cause of chronic, disabling disorders and, sometimes, death in infants, children, and even adults. The degree to which damage to the developing nervous system harms the mind and body varies enormously. Many [[disability|disabilities]] are mild enough to allow those afflicted to eventually function independently in society. Others are not. Some infants, children, and adults die, others remain totally disabled, and an even larger population is partially disabled, functioning well below normal capacity throughout life.
==Classification==
 
===More common cephalic disorders===
==More common cephalic disorders==
Where known, the [[ICD|ICD-10]] code is listed below.
Where known, the [[ICD|ICD-10]] code is listed below.


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* [[Schizencephaly]] (Q04.6)
* [[Schizencephaly]] (Q04.6)


==Less common cephalies==
===Less common cephalies===
* [[Acephaly (medicine)|Acephaly]] (Q00.0)
* [[Acephaly (medicine)|Acephaly]] (Q00.0)
* [[Exencephaly]] (ICD10 unknown)
* [[Exencephaly]] (ICD10 unknown)
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**[[Scaphocephaly]] (ICD10 unknown)
**[[Scaphocephaly]] (ICD10 unknown)
**[[Trigonocephaly]] (Q75.0)
**[[Trigonocephaly]] (Q75.0)
==Pathophysiology==
Cephalic disorders are not necessarily caused by a single factor, but may be influenced by [[heredity|hereditary]] or [[genetics|genetic]] conditions, [[nutrition]]al deficiencies, or by environmental exposures during [[pregnancy]], such as [[medication]] taken by the mother, maternal infection, or exposure to [[radiation]] (such disorders are more common in areas of the former [[Soviet Union]] affected by nuclear waste disposal problems, such as the area around the [[Mayak]] plant in [[Chelyabinsk]], [[Russia]].) Some cephalic disorders occur when the cranial sutures (the fibrous joints that connect the [[bone]]s of the [[skull]]) join prematurely. Most cephalic disorders are caused by a disturbance that occurs very early in the development of the [[fetus|fetal]] nervous system.
The human nervous system develops from a small, specialized plate of [[cell (biology)|cells]] on the surface of the [[embryo]]. Early in development, this plate of cells forms the neural tube, a narrow sheath that closes between the third and fourth weeks of [[pregnancy]] to form the brain and [[spinal cord]] of the embryo. Four main processes are responsible for the development of the nervous system: cell proliferation, the process in which [[nerve]] cells divide to form new generations of cells; cell migration, the process in which nerve cells move from their place of origin to the place where they will remain for life; cell differentiation, the process during which cells acquire individual characteristics; and cell death, a natural process in which cells die.
Damage to the developing nervous system is a major cause of chronic, disabling disorders and, sometimes, death in infants, children, and even adults. The degree to which damage to the developing nervous system harms the mind and body varies enormously. Many [[disability|disabilities]] are mild enough to allow those afflicted to eventually function independently in society. Others are not. Some infants, children, and adults die, others remain totally disabled, and an even larger population is partially disabled, functioning well below normal capacity throughout life.
==Causes==
==Differentiating {{PAGENAME}} from Other Diseases==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Risk Factors==
==Screening==
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
==Diagnosis==
===Diagnostic Criteria===
===History and Symptoms===
===Physical Examination===
===Laboratory Findings===
===Imaging Findings===
===Other Diagnostic Studies===
==Treatment==
===Medical Therapy===
===Surgery===
===Prevention===


==See also==
==See also==
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*[http://craniofacial.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/pos_plagi.asp Positional Plagiocephaly information] from Seattle Children's Hospital Craniofacial Center
*[http://craniofacial.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/pos_plagi.asp Positional Plagiocephaly information] from Seattle Children's Hospital Craniofacial Center
*[http://www.jpgmonline.com/article.asp?issn=0022-3859;year=2003;volume=49;issue=2;spage=173;epage=4;aulast=Thomas Holoprosencephaly] Article from Journal of Postgraduate Medicine
*[http://www.jpgmonline.com/article.asp?issn=0022-3859;year=2003;volume=49;issue=2;spage=173;epage=4;aulast=Thomas Holoprosencephaly] Article from Journal of Postgraduate Medicine
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}


==Sources==
==Sources==
Line 64: Line 97:


''Portions of this article were based on the page: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/cephalic_disorders/detail_cephalic_disorders.htm at the [[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]]'s [[public domain resource]].''
''Portions of this article were based on the page: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/cephalic_disorders/detail_cephalic_disorders.htm at the [[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]]'s [[public domain resource]].''
[[Category:Nervous system]]
 
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
 
[[Category:Neurology]]


[[ca:Trastorns encefàlics]]
[[ca:Trastorns encefàlics]]
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[[nl:Anencefalie]]
[[nl:Anencefalie]]
[[pt:Más-formações cefálicas congênitas]]
[[pt:Más-formações cefálicas congênitas]]
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Latest revision as of 17:02, 2 August 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Template:DiseaseDisorder infobox

Overview

Cephalic disorders (from the Greek word κεφάλη, meaning "head") are congenital conditions that stem from damage to, or abnormal development of, the budding nervous system. Cephalic is a term that means "head" or "head end of the body."

Historical Perspective

Classification

More common cephalic disorders

Where known, the ICD-10 code is listed below.

Less common cephalies

Pathophysiology

Cephalic disorders are not necessarily caused by a single factor, but may be influenced by hereditary or genetic conditions, nutritional deficiencies, or by environmental exposures during pregnancy, such as medication taken by the mother, maternal infection, or exposure to radiation (such disorders are more common in areas of the former Soviet Union affected by nuclear waste disposal problems, such as the area around the Mayak plant in Chelyabinsk, Russia.) Some cephalic disorders occur when the cranial sutures (the fibrous joints that connect the bones of the skull) join prematurely. Most cephalic disorders are caused by a disturbance that occurs very early in the development of the fetal nervous system.

The human nervous system develops from a small, specialized plate of cells on the surface of the embryo. Early in development, this plate of cells forms the neural tube, a narrow sheath that closes between the third and fourth weeks of pregnancy to form the brain and spinal cord of the embryo. Four main processes are responsible for the development of the nervous system: cell proliferation, the process in which nerve cells divide to form new generations of cells; cell migration, the process in which nerve cells move from their place of origin to the place where they will remain for life; cell differentiation, the process during which cells acquire individual characteristics; and cell death, a natural process in which cells die.

Damage to the developing nervous system is a major cause of chronic, disabling disorders and, sometimes, death in infants, children, and even adults. The degree to which damage to the developing nervous system harms the mind and body varies enormously. Many disabilities are mild enough to allow those afflicted to eventually function independently in society. Others are not. Some infants, children, and adults die, others remain totally disabled, and an even larger population is partially disabled, functioning well below normal capacity throughout life.

Causes

Differentiating Cephalic disorder from Other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Prevention

See also

External links

Sources

Portions of this article were based on the page: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/cephalic_disorders/detail_cephalic_disorders.htm at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke's public domain resource.

References

ca:Trastorns encefàlics he:מיקרוצפליה nl:Anencefalie

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