Cardiac fibrosis: Difference between revisions

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{{SI}}
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{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}} {{NE}}




{{SK}}[[Posaconazole (patient information)|Davies disease]]


==Overview==
==Overview==


Cardiac fibrosis refers to an abnormal thickening of the [[heart valves]] due to inappropriate proliferation of cardiac [[fibroblasts]].
[[Ca|Cardiac fibrosis]] refers to an abnormal thickening of the [[heart valves]] due to inappropriate proliferation of cardiac [[fibroblasts]][[Potassium|.Endomyocardial fibrosis]](EMF) chareacterized by deposite of fibrous  and thickening of the [[endocardium]] and [[myocardium]] ventricles that leading [[restrictive cardiomyopathy]].It is a neglected disorder that usually prodominant in tropical areas of developing and low -income countries.
 
==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
Endomyocardial fibrosis was first  in 1984 in Ugenda.<ref name="pmid27297343">{{cite journal| author=Grimaldi A, Mocumbi AO, Freers J, Lachaud M, Mirabel M, Ferreira B et al.| title=Tropical Endomyocardial Fibrosis: Natural History, Challenges, and Perspectives. | journal=Circulation | year= 2016 | volume= 133 | issue= 24 | pages= 2503-15 | pmid=27297343 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.021178 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27297343  }} </ref>
First description for [[endomyocardial fibrosis]] was in 1948 by Davies in Uganda.<ref name="pmid27297343">{{cite journal| author=Grimaldi A, Mocumbi AO, Freers J, Lachaud M, Mirabel M, Ferreira B et al.| title=Tropical Endomyocardial Fibrosis: Natural History, Challenges, and Perspectives. | journal=Circulation | year= 2016 | volume= 133 | issue= 24 | pages= 2503-15 | pmid=27297343 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.021178 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27297343  }} </ref>
Endomyocardial fibrosis was first discovered in 1984 in Ugenda.<ref name="pmid27297343">{{cite journal| author=Grimaldi A, Mocumbi AO, Freers J, Lachaud M, Mirabel M, Ferreira B et al.| title=Tropical Endomyocardial Fibrosis: Natural History, Challenges, and Perspectives. | journal=Circulation | year= 2016 | volume= 133 | issue= 24 | pages= 2503-15 | pmid=27297343 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.021178 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27297343  }} </ref>


There have been several outbreaks of endomycardial fibrosis, including Africa,Asia,and South America.<ref name="pmid27297343">{{cite journal| author=Grimaldi A, Mocumbi AO, Freers J, Lachaud M, Mirabel M, Ferreira B et al.| title=Tropical Endomyocardial Fibrosis: Natural History, Challenges, and Perspectives. | journal=Circulation | year= 2016 | volume= 133 | issue= 24 | pages= 2503-15 | pmid=27297343 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.021178 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27297343  }} </ref>
There have been several outbreaks of [[E-Base|endomycardial fibrosis]], including Africa,Asia,and South America.<ref name="pmid27297343">{{cite journal| author=Grimaldi A, Mocumbi AO, Freers J, Lachaud M, Mirabel M, Ferreira B et al.| title=Tropical Endomyocardial Fibrosis: Natural History, Challenges, and Perspectives. | journal=Circulation | year= 2016 | volume= 133 | issue= 24 | pages= 2503-15 | pmid=27297343 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.021178 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27297343  }} </ref>


==Classification==
==Classification==
There is no established system for the classification of cardiac fibrosis.




Myocardial fibrosis may be classified  into two groups:interstitial(diffuse),replacement(scar).<ref name="pmid30344312">{{cite journal| author=Espeland T, Lunde IG, H Amundsen B, Gullestad L, Aakhus S| title=Myocardial fibrosis. | journal=Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen | year= 2018 | volume= 138 | issue= 16 | pages=  | pmid=30344312 | doi=10.4045/tidsskr.17.1027 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30344312  }} </ref>
[[M-Cresol|Myocardial fibrosis]] may be classified  into two groups:[[interstitial fibrosis]] (diffuse),[[R(20) syndrome|replacement fibrosis]] (scar) .<ref name="pmid30344312">{{cite journal| author=Espeland T, Lunde IG, H Amundsen B, Gullestad L, Aakhus S| title=Myocardial fibrosis. | journal=Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen | year= 2018 | volume= 138 | issue= 16 | pages=  | pmid=30344312 | doi=10.4045/tidsskr.17.1027 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30344312 }} </ref>
The [[Interstitial lung disease|interstitial fibrosis]] divided in to two subclasses:[[R-4066|reactive and infiltrative]].<ref name="pmid31158407">{{cite journal| author=Hinderer S, Schenke-Layland K| title=Cardiac fibrosis - A short review of causes and therapeutic strategies. | journal=Adv Drug Deliv Rev | year= 2019 | volume= 146 | issue=  | pages= 77-82 | pmid=31158407 | doi=10.1016/j.addr.2019.05.011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31158407 }} </ref>


==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==
The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.
OR
It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
OR
[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
OR


Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
It is thought that [[Celiac disease|cardiac fibrosis]] is the result of [[R(20) syndrome|remodeling]] of [[extracellular]] and deposition of [[Extracellular matrix protein|extracellular matrix]] that causes to impaired muscles function.<ref name="pmid31158407">{{cite journal| author=Hinderer S, Schenke-Layland K| title=Cardiac fibrosis - A short review of causes and therapeutic strategies. | journal=Adv Drug Deliv Rev | year= 2019 | volume= 146 | issue=  | pages= 77-82 | pmid=31158407 | doi=10.1016/j.addr.2019.05.011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31158407  }} </ref>
 
Also [[Celiac disease|cardiac fibrosis]] is mediated by  [[C|cardial fibrosis]] include [[Eosinophilia]], Infectious such as [[Toxoplasmosis|toxoplasma,]] [[malaria]],[[H&C|helminthic parasites]],[[rheumatic fever]],Environmental exposure such as [[C|cerium ,casava]] [[I-Doser|,Immunologic and Genetic]].<ref name="pmid8180373">{{cite journal| author=Weller PF, Bubley GJ| title=The idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. | journal=Blood | year= 1994 | volume= 83 | issue= 10 | pages= 2759-79 | pmid=8180373 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8180373  }} </ref><ref name="pmid2165348">{{cite journal| author=Ijaola O, Falase AO| title=Distribution of antibodies against Coxsackie B viruses, arboviruses and Toxoplasma gondii among patients with endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) compared with normal subjects from EMF endemic and non-endemic zones of Nigeria. | journal=Afr J Med Med Sci | year= 1990 | volume= 19 | issue= 2 | pages= 93-103 | pmid=2165348 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2165348  }} </ref><ref name="pmid2194985">{{cite journal| author=Valiathan SM, Kartha CC| title=Endomyocardial fibrosis--the possible connexion with myocardial levels of magnesium and cerium. | journal=Int J Cardiol | year= 1990 | volume= 28 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-5 | pmid=2194985 | doi=10.1016/0167-5273(90)90002-m | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2194985  }} </ref>
OR
<ref name="pmid8756024">{{cite journal| author=Sezi CL| title=Effects of cassava diet on Cercopithecus aethiops livers: a case for cassava as the cause of both tropical splenomegaly syndrome (TSS) and endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF). | journal=East Afr Med J | year= 1996 | volume= 73 | issue= 5 Suppl | pages= S24-8 | pmid=8756024 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8756024  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20422043">{{cite journal| author=Mocumbi AO, Latif N, Yacoub MH| title=Presence of circulating anti-myosin antibodies in endomyocardial fibrosis. | journal=PLoS Negl Trop Dis | year= 2010 | volume= 4 | issue= 4 | pages= e661 | pmid=20422043 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0000661 | pmc=2857887 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20422043  }} </ref><ref name="pmid757895">{{cite journal| author=Lowenthal MN| title=Endomyocardial fibrosis: familial and other cases from northern Zambia. | journal=Med J Zambia | year= 1978 | volume= 12 | issue= 1 | pages= 2-7 | pmid=757895 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=757895  }} </ref>
 
 
[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
 
OR
 
The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
 
OR
 
The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
These cells secrete [[collagen]], and normally function to provide structural support for the heart. When over activated this process causes thickening and fibrosis, primarily on the [[tricuspid valve]], but also occurring on the [[pulmonary valve]], eventually leading to right-sided [[heart failure]].
 
Certain diseases such as gastrointestinal [[carcinoid]] tumors, which release large amounts of [[serotonin]] into the blood, produce a characteristic pattern of mostly right sided cardiac fibrosis which can be identified at autopsy. This pathology has also been seen in certain african tribes who eat foods containing excess amounts of serotonin.
 
Some appetite suppressant drugs such as [[fenfluramine]] and [[chlorphentermine]] induce a similar pattern of cardiac fibrosis, by over-stimulating 5HT<sub>2B</sub> receptors on the cardiac fibroblast cells. These drugs consequently tended to cause increased risk of heart valve damage and subsequent [[heart failure]], which eventually led to them being withdrawn from the market.
 
A compound found in red wine, [[resveratrol]] has been found to slow down the development of cardiac fibrosis.
 
 
 
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[[CME Category::Cardiology]]
 
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Gross pathology]]


==Causes==
==Causes==
Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
The most common cause of [[Celiac disease|cardiac fibrosis]] is  [[Celiac disease|cardiac fibrotic scars]] that usually  occure after [[myocardial infarction]] . other causes of [[C(o)eliac sprue|cardiac fibrotic scars]] include , [[hypertensive]] heart disease[[D'|,diabetic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] and [[D|,idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.]]<ref name="pmid31158407">{{cite journal| author=Hinderer S, Schenke-Layland K| title=Cardiac fibrosis - A short review of causes and therapeutic strategies. | journal=Adv Drug Deliv Rev | year= 2019 | volume= 146 | issue=  | pages= 77-82 | pmid=31158407 | doi=10.1016/j.addr.2019.05.011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31158407  }} </ref>
 
OR
 
Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
 
OR
 
The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].
 
OR
 
The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click [[Pericarditis causes#Overview|here]].


==Differentiating ((Page name)) from other Diseases==
==Differentiating ((Page name)) from other Diseases==
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
[[Acacia chundra|cardiac fibrosis]] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [[heart failure]][[Pre-Bötzinger complex|,premature death]] in children and adults.<ref name="pmid31414216">{{cite journal| author=Duraes AR, de Souza Lima Bitar Y, Roever L, Neto MG| title=Endomyocardial fibrosis: past, present, and future. | journal=Heart Fail Rev | year= 2019 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=31414216 | doi=10.1007/s10741-019-09848-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31414216  }} </ref>
 
OR
 
[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
[[Endomyocardial fibrosis]] is the most cause of [[heart failure]],that up 20% of cases are in [[E|endmic area.]]<ref name="pmid31414216">{{cite journal| author=Duraes AR, de Souza Lima Bitar Y, Roever L, Neto MG| title=Endomyocardial fibrosis: past, present, and future. | journal=Heart Fail Rev | year= 2019 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=31414216 | doi=10.1007/s10741-019-09848-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31414216  }} </ref>
 
OR
 
In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
 
OR
 
In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate of [number range]%.
 
 
 
Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
 
OR
 
The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
 
OR
 
[Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.
 
OR
 
[Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].


OR
Recently the [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] of [[E-Base|EMF]] has been decreased.<ref name="pmid31414216">{{cite journal| author=Duraes AR, de Souza Lima Bitar Y, Roever L, Neto MG| title=Endomyocardial fibrosis: past, present, and future. | journal=Heart Fail Rev | year= 2019 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=31414216 | doi=10.1007/s10741-019-09848-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31414216  }} </ref>


[Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].
In one of the researches in 2008  the [[prevalence]] of [[E|EMF]] was 19.8%.<ref name="pmid18596273">{{cite journal| author=Mocumbi AO, Ferreira MB, Sidi D, Yacoub MH| title=A population study of endomyocardial fibrosis in a rural area of Mozambique. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2008 | volume= 359 | issue= 1 | pages= 43-9 | pmid=18596273 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0708629 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18596273  }} </ref>


The [[incidence]] of [[E-Base|EMF]] is approximately 10,000,000 people worldwide.<ref name="pmid18596273">{{cite journal| author=Mocumbi AO, Ferreira MB, Sidi D, Yacoub MH| title=A population study of endomyocardial fibrosis in a rural area of Mozambique. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2008 | volume= 359 | issue= 1 | pages= 43-9 | pmid=18596273 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0708629 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18596273  }} </ref>




There is no racial predilection to [disease name].


OR
The [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] of [[E-Detailing|endomycardial fibrosis]] is more common in Africa,Asia and South America.<ref name="pmid27297343">{{cite journal| author=Grimaldi A, Mocumbi AO, Freers J, Lachaud M, Mirabel M, Ferreira B et al.| title=Tropical Endomyocardial Fibrosis: Natural History, Challenges, and Perspectives. | journal=Circulation | year= 2016 | volume= 133 | issue= 24 | pages= 2503-15 | pmid=27297343 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.021178 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27297343  }} </ref>


[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
The most cases in [[U-quadratic distribution|Uganda,Mozambique]] and some west of Africa are [[Endemic goitre|Endemic]] for EMF.<ref name="pmid27297343">{{cite journal| author=Grimaldi A, Mocumbi AO, Freers J, Lachaud M, Mirabel M, Ferreira B et al.| title=Tropical Endomyocardial Fibrosis: Natural History, Challenges, and Perspectives. | journal=Circulation | year= 2016 | volume= 133 | issue= 24 | pages= 2503-15 | pmid=27297343 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.021178 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27297343  }} </ref>
Although [[Sporadic fatal insomnia|sporadic]] cases have been reported in [[C|Congo and Malawi]].<ref name="pmid27297343">{{cite journal| author=Grimaldi A, Mocumbi AO, Freers J, Lachaud M, Mirabel M, Ferreira B et al.| title=Tropical Endomyocardial Fibrosis: Natural History, Challenges, and Perspectives. | journal=Circulation | year= 2016 | volume= 133 | issue= 24 | pages= 2503-15 | pmid=27297343 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.021178 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27297343  }} </ref>
In [[India Health Initiative|India]] the most cases are in rain forest area of Kerala State.<ref name="pmid27297343">{{cite journal| author=Grimaldi A, Mocumbi AO, Freers J, Lachaud M, Mirabel M, Ferreira B et al.| title=Tropical Endomyocardial Fibrosis: Natural History, Challenges, and Perspectives. | journal=Circulation | year= 2016 | volume= 133 | issue= 24 | pages= 2503-15 | pmid=27297343 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.021178 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27297343  }} </ref>
In [[China Medical Technologies|china]] we can see the high frequency of [[E-Base|EMF]] in [[G+C ratio|Guanxi]].<ref name="pmid27297343">{{cite journal| author=Grimaldi A, Mocumbi AO, Freers J, Lachaud M, Mirabel M, Ferreira B et al.| title=Tropical Endomyocardial Fibrosis: Natural History, Challenges, and Perspectives. | journal=Circulation | year= 2016 | volume= 133 | issue= 24 | pages= 2503-15 | pmid=27297343 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.021178 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27297343  }} </ref>
And in [[South African Health Ministry|south of America , Brazil and Colombia]] are the most frequent area.<ref name="pmid27297343">{{cite journal| author=Grimaldi A, Mocumbi AO, Freers J, Lachaud M, Mirabel M, Ferreira B et al.| title=Tropical Endomyocardial Fibrosis: Natural History, Challenges, and Perspectives. | journal=Circulation | year= 2016 | volume= 133 | issue= 24 | pages= 2503-15 | pmid=27297343 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.021178 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27297343  }} </ref>


Patients of all age groups may develop EMF butcommonly affects young adults between 10 to 30 years old with poor socioeconomic status.<ref name="pmid27297343">{{cite journal| author=Grimaldi A, Mocumbi AO, Freers J, Lachaud M, Mirabel M, Ferreira B et al.| title=Tropical Endomyocardial Fibrosis: Natural History, Challenges, and Perspectives. | journal=Circulation | year= 2016 | volume= 133 | issue= 24 | pages= 2503-15 | pmid=27297343 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.021178 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27297343  }} </ref>


In some researches EMF affects men and women equally but [[prevalence]] of [[E-Glades|EMF]] in [[Uganda Virus Research Institute|Uganda]],is 2-fold higher in women of childbearing age .<ref name="pmid27297343">{{cite journal| author=Grimaldi A, Mocumbi AO, Freers J, Lachaud M, Mirabel M, Ferreira B et al.| title=Tropical Endomyocardial Fibrosis: Natural History, Challenges, and Perspectives. | journal=Circulation | year= 2016 | volume= 133 | issue= 24 | pages= 2503-15 | pmid=27297343 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.021178 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27297343  }} </ref>


[Disease name] affects men and women equally.
The majority of [[E-Glades|EMF]] cases are reported in [[African-Caribbean Leukaemia Trust|Africa]].<ref name="pmid27297343">{{cite journal| author=Grimaldi A, Mocumbi AO, Freers J, Lachaud M, Mirabel M, Ferreira B et al.| title=Tropical Endomyocardial Fibrosis: Natural History, Challenges, and Perspectives. | journal=Circulation | year= 2016 | volume= 133 | issue= 24 | pages= 2503-15 | pmid=27297343 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.021178 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27297343  }} </ref>
 
OR
 
[Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.
 
 
 
The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].
 
OR
 
[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
There are no established risk factors for [disease name].
Common [[Risk factor|risk factors]] in the development of [[Celiac disease|cardiac fibrosis]] may be occupational, environmental, [[genetic]], and viral.<ref name="pmid31158407">{{cite journal| author=Hinderer S, Schenke-Layland K| title=Cardiac fibrosis - A short review of causes and therapeutic strategies. | journal=Adv Drug Deliv Rev | year= 2019 | volume= 146 | issue=  | pages= 77-82 | pmid=31158407 | doi=10.1016/j.addr.2019.05.011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31158407  }} </ref>


OR
Common [[risk factors]] in the development of [[C(o)eliac sprue|cardiac fibrosis]] include [[Obesity-hypotonia syndrome|Obesity]], [[Multivitamin|Metabolic dysfunction,DM,HTN.]]<ref name="pmid24880146">{{cite journal| author=Cavalera M, Wang J, Frangogiannis NG| title=Obesity, metabolic dysfunction, and cardiac fibrosis: pathophysiological pathways, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic opportunities. | journal=Transl Res | year= 2014 | volume= 164 | issue= 4 | pages= 323-35 | pmid=24880146 | doi=10.1016/j.trsl.2014.05.001 | pmc=4180761 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24880146  }} </ref>
 
The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
 
OR
 
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
 
OR
 
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.


==Screening==
==Screening==
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy].
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine [[S'mores Grahams|screening]] for [[C(o)eliac sprue|cardiac fibrosis]] but in high risk individuals or in [[endemic]] areas we can use [[echocardiography]] as [[Screening (medicine)|screening]].<ref name="pmid26078378">{{cite journal| author=| title=Correction. | journal=Circulation | year= 2015 | volume= 131 | issue= 24 | pages= e535 | pmid=26078378 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000219 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26078378  }} </ref>
 
OR
 
According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] is not recommended.
 
OR
 
According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] by [test 1] is recommended every [duration] among patients with [condition 1], [condition 2], and [condition 3].


==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
Common [[complications]] of cardiac fibrosis  include [[S&M|stifness of left ventricle]],[[H&C|heart failure,arrihythmias.]]<ref name="pmid30416379">{{cite journal| author=Ma ZG, Yuan YP, Wu HM, Zhang X, Tang QZ| title=Cardiac fibrosis: new insights into the pathogenesis. | journal=Int J Biol Sci | year= 2018 | volume= 14 | issue= 12 | pages= 1645-1657 | pmid=30416379 | doi=10.7150/ijbs.28103 | pmc=6216032 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30416379  }} </ref>


OR
[[Prognosis]] is very poor.<ref name="pmid26078378">{{cite journal| author=| title=Correction. | journal=Circulation | year= 2015 | volume= 131 | issue= 24 | pages= e535 | pmid=26078378 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000219 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26078378  }} </ref>
 
Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
 
OR
 
Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.


==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===
The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1], [criterion 2], [criterion 3], and [criterion 4].
The diagnosis and severity of [[C(o)eliac sprue|cardiac fibrosis]] according to classification is made when we have 2 [[M-Cresol|major criteria]] or 1 [[M-Cresol|major criterion]] with 2 [[M-Cresol|minor criteria]].(table below)<ref name="pmid27297343">{{cite journal| author=Grimaldi A, Mocumbi AO, Freers J, Lachaud M, Mirabel M, Ferreira B | display-authors=etal| title=Tropical Endomyocardial Fibrosis: Natural History, Challenges, and Perspectives. | journal=Circulation | year= 2016 | volume= 133 | issue= 24 | pages= 2503-15 | pmid=27297343 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.021178 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27297343  }} </ref>
 
<br />
OR
{| class="wikitable"
 
|+
The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [criteria name] criteria, which include [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].
[[F-2 (psychedelic)|From Mocumbi AO, Ferreira MB, Sidi D, Yacoub MH.3 A population study
 
OR
 
The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [definition name] definition, which includes [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].


OR
of endomyocardial fibrosis in a rural area of Mozambique. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:43–49. Copyright © 2008


There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of [disease name].
Massachusetts Medical Society.]]
!criterion
!score
|-
| colspan="2" |[[M-Caps|MAJOR]] [[C(o)eliac sprue|CRITERIA]]
|-
|[[E-Base|Endomyocardial plaques]] >2mm in thickness
|2
|-
|Thin(<1mm) [[E-Detailing|endomyocardial patches]] affecting >1 [[Ventricular Fibrillation|ventricular wall]]
|3
|-
|Oblitration of the right ventricular or left ventricular [[apex]]
|4
|-
|[[Thrombasthenia|Thromb]]<nowiki/>i or spontaneous contrast without sever ventricular dysfunction
|4
|-
|[[R-4066|Retraction of right venticular apex]] (right ventricular apical notch)
|4
|-
|[[Alpha,alpha-phosphotrehalase|Atrioventricular valve dysfunction]] caused by adhession of the valvular apparatus
|1-4
|-
| colspan="2" |[[M-Caps|MINOR CRITERIA]]
|-
|Thin [[E-Base|endomyocardial patches]] localized to 1 ventricular wall
|1
|-
|[[Restrictive lung disease|Restrictive flow]] pattern across [[Mitral regurgitation|mitral or tricuspid]] valve
|2
|-
|[[Pulmonary]] valve  [[Diastolic|diastolic opening]]
|2
|-
|Diffuse thickening of the [[Anterior|anterior mitral leaflet]]
|1
|-
|[[E-Detailing|Enlarged atrium]] with normal-sized ventricle
|2
|-
|[[Multivitamin|M-movment]] of the [[interventricular septum]] and flat posterior wall
|1
|-
|Enhanced density of the moderator or other [[Intraventricular|intraventricular bands]]
|1
|}


===History and Symptoms===
===History and Symptoms===
The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.
[[E-Detailing|EMF symptoms]] divided in to two phases:Acute , Chronic
 
The most common symptoms of acute  include [[Febrile|febrile illness]] [[Multivitamin|,pancarditis]],[[E-Glades|eosinophilia,dyspenea,itching, pericardial effusion]].
OR
Symptoms of chronic phase deponds on biventricular  or isolated  right/left ventricular involvement[[R-406A|(RV heart failure/LV heart failure]]).<ref name="pmid27297343">{{cite journal| author=Grimaldi A, Mocumbi AO, Freers J, Lachaud M, Mirabel M, Ferreira B | display-authors=etal| title=Tropical Endomyocardial Fibrosis: Natural History, Challenges, and Perspectives. | journal=Circulation | year= 2016 | volume= 133 | issue= 24 | pages= 2503-15 | pmid=27297343 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.021178 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27297343  }} </ref>
 
In right ventricular involvement  most common symptoms are :[[System justification|systemic venous HTN]],[[F-22 (psychedelic)|facial edema,exophtalmos,jugular vein distention,gross hepatomegaly,splenomegaly and abdomonal swelling.]]<ref name="pmid27297343">{{cite journal| author=Grimaldi A, Mocumbi AO, Freers J, Lachaud M, Mirabel M, Ferreira B | display-authors=etal| title=Tropical Endomyocardial Fibrosis: Natural History, Challenges, and Perspectives. | journal=Circulation | year= 2016 | volume= 133 | issue= 24 | pages= 2503-15 | pmid=27297343 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.021178 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27297343  }} </ref>
The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].


===Physical Examination===
===Physical Examination===
Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
Patients with [[17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency|cardiac fibrosis]] usually appear [[Illness|ill]].  
 
Common [[physical examination]] findings of [[C(o)eliac sprue|cardial fibrosis]] causing [[heart failure]] include[[F-2 (psychedelic)|,facial and periorbital edema]], [[A-CHAMP|acscites]],[[J&j|jvp distention,fever,pericardial friction rub]] due to [[Pericarditis (patient information)|pericarditis]] and non specific [[signs]] in chronic phase are [[Clubbing|clubbin]]<nowiki/>g of digits,[[growth retardation]] ,[[testicular atrophy]], [[C(o)eliac sprue|cachexia]].<ref name="pmid27297343">{{cite journal| author=Grimaldi A, Mocumbi AO, Freers J, Lachaud M, Mirabel M, Ferreira B | display-authors=etal| title=Tropical Endomyocardial Fibrosis: Natural History, Challenges, and Perspectives. | journal=Circulation | year= 2016 | volume= 133 | issue= 24 | pages= 2503-15 | pmid=27297343 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.021178 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27297343  }} </ref>
OR
 
Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
 
OR
 
The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].
 
OR
 
The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].


===Laboratory Findings===
===Laboratory Findings===
An elevated/reduced concentration of serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
[[Biomarkers of cardiac injury|Biomarkers]] of [[F-22 (psychedelic)|fibrosis]] can be detected in [[blood tests]].<ref name="pmid30344312">{{cite journal| author=Espeland T, Lunde IG, H Amundsen B, Gullestad L, Aakhus S| title=Myocardial fibrosis. | journal=Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen | year= 2018 | volume= 138 | issue= 16 | pages=  | pmid=30344312 | doi=10.4045/tidsskr.17.1027 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30344312  }} </ref>
 
In 2015 Begon Lopez and teammates have been researched on using collagenouse biomarkers for diagnos of [[C|cardiac fibrosis]].
OR
According to this article there is two type of [[Collagen-vascular diseases|collagen-]]<nowiki/>derived [[Serum-ascities albumin gradient|serum peptid]]<nowiki/>s have been related to [[Calcium-aluminium-rich inclusion|cardiac fibrosi]]<nowiki/>s:
 
[[Ca|Carboxy-terminal propeptide]] of [[C|procollagen type 1(P1CP),Amino-terminal propeptide of procollagen type 3(P3NP).]]<ref name="pmid26046739">{{cite journal| author=López B, González A, Ravassa S, Beaumont J, Moreno MU, San José G | display-authors=etal| title=Circulating Biomarkers of Myocardial Fibrosis: The Need for a Reappraisal. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2015 | volume= 65 | issue= 22 | pages= 2449-56 | pmid=26046739 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2015.04.026 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26046739  }} </ref>
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].
 
OR
 
[Test] is usually normal among patients with [disease name].
 
OR
 
Some patients with [disease name] may have elevated/reduced concentration of [test], which is usually suggestive of [progression/complication].
 
OR
 
There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with [disease name].


===Electrocardiogram===
===Electrocardiogram===
There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name].


OR
An [[ECG]] may be helpful in the [[diagnosis]] of [[C(o)eliac sprue|cardiac fibrosis]]. Findings on an [[ECG]] include [[J&j|RA abnormality,peaking and increased P wave amplitude, if right ventricle involved we will have R wave in lead V1,]] and [[AF]] is common in patients with [[Celiac disease|cardiac fibrosis]].<ref name="pmid31414216">{{cite journal| author=Duraes AR, de Souza Lima Bitar Y, Roever L, Neto MG| title=Endomyocardial fibrosis: past, present, and future. | journal=Heart Fail Rev | year= 2019 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=31414216 | doi=10.1007/s10741-019-09848-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31414216  }} </ref>
 
An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].


===X-ray===
===X-ray===
There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].


OR


An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
An [[X-rays|x-ray]] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [[C|cardiac fibrosi]]<nowiki/>s. Findings on an [[x-ray]]  include [[Calcium-aluminium-rich inclusion|cardiomrgaly]] and may we have [[S'mores Grahams|silhouette oligemic pulmonary]] fields.<ref name="pmid31414216">{{cite journal| author=Duraes AR, de Souza Lima Bitar Y, Roever L, Neto MG| title=Endomyocardial fibrosis: past, present, and future. | journal=Heart Fail Rev | year= 2019 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=31414216 | doi=10.1007/s10741-019-09848-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31414216  }} </ref>
 
OR
 
There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].


===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name].
   
 
Findings on an [[Echocardiographer|echocardiograph]]<nowiki/>y suggestive of [[endomyocardial fibrosis]] include small ventricle with obliteration of the apex with large atrium .<ref name="pmid31414216">{{cite journal| author=Duraes AR, de Souza Lima Bitar Y, Roever L, Neto MG| title=Endomyocardial fibrosis: past, present, and future. | journal=Heart Fail Rev | year= 2019 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=31414216 | doi=10.1007/s10741-019-09848-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31414216  }} </ref>
OR
Oblitration by fibrosis at ventricular apex can change ventricular morphology,that called [[Mushrooms|mushroom sign]].<ref name="pmid31414216">{{cite journal| author=Duraes AR, de Souza Lima Bitar Y, Roever L, Neto MG| title=Endomyocardial fibrosis: past, present, and future. | journal=Heart Fail Rev | year= 2019 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=31414216 | doi=10.1007/s10741-019-09848-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31414216  }} </ref>
 
Echocardiography/ultrasound  may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
 
OR
 
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound  may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].


===CT scan===
===CT scan===
There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].
Cardiac [[Calcific tendinitis|calcifications]] or [[Cromoglicate|intracavitary thromb]]<nowiki/>i may be finded in cardiac  [[CT scan]].<ref name="pmid27297343">{{cite journal| author=Grimaldi A, Mocumbi AO, Freers J, Lachaud M, Mirabel M, Ferreira B | display-authors=etal| title=Tropical Endomyocardial Fibrosis: Natural History, Challenges, and Perspectives. | journal=Circulation | year= 2016 | volume= 133 | issue= 24 | pages= 2503-15 | pmid=27297343 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.021178 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27297343  }} </ref>
 
OR
 
[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
 
OR
 
There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].


===MRI===
===MRI===
There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].


OR


[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
Cardiac [[MRI]] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [[E-Base|EMF]]. Findings on [[MRI]] diagnostic of EMF include small ventricles with [[Hypertrophy (medical)|hypertrophy]] in the apical,also shows [[Diatrizoic acid|hypoperfused myocardial]] areas and we can see [[fibrosis]] in [[L-2-amino-4-chloropent-4-enoate dehydrochlorinase|late -gadolinium -enhancement
 
images.]]<ref name="pmid27297343">{{cite journal| author=Grimaldi A, Mocumbi AO, Freers J, Lachaud M, Mirabel M, Ferreira B | display-authors=etal| title=Tropical Endomyocardial Fibrosis: Natural History, Challenges, and Perspectives. | journal=Circulation | year= 2016 | volume= 133 | issue= 24 | pages= 2503-15 | pmid=27297343 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.021178 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27297343  }} </ref><ref name="pmid31414216">{{cite journal| author=Duraes AR, de Souza Lima Bitar Y, Roever L, Neto MG| title=Endomyocardial fibrosis: past, present, and future. | journal=Heart Fail Rev | year= 2019 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=31414216 | doi=10.1007/s10741-019-09848-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31414216  }} </ref>
OR
 
There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].


===Other Imaging Findings===
===Other Imaging Findings===
There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].
There are no other imaging findings associated with cardiac fibrosis.
 
OR
 
[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].


===Other Diagnostic Studies===
===Other Diagnostic Studies===
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with cardiac fibrosis.
 
OR
 
[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
 
OR
 
Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].


==Treatment==
==Treatment==
===Medical Therapy===
===Medical Therapy===
There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
OR
Supportive therapy for [disease name] includes [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and [therapy 3].
OR
The majority of cases of [disease name] are self-limited and require only supportive care.
OR
[Disease name] is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment.
OR
The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is [therapy].
OR
The optimal therapy for [malignancy name] depends on the stage at diagnosis.
OR
[Therapy] is recommended among all patients who develop [disease name].
OR
Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with [disease subclass 1], [disease subclass 2], and [disease subclass 3].
OR


Pharmacologic medical therapies for [disease name] include (either) [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and/or [therapy 3].
[[Support|Supportive therapy]]  of [[Congestive heart failure|heart failure]] for EMF includes [[Diuretic|diuretics]], [[angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors]] with combination therapy with [[Aspirin|asprin]] or [[Alpha,alpha-phosphotrehalase|anticoagulation]].<ref name="pmid27297343">{{cite journal| author=Grimaldi A, Mocumbi AO, Freers J, Lachaud M, Mirabel M, Ferreira B | display-authors=etal| title=Tropical Endomyocardial Fibrosis: Natural History, Challenges, and Perspectives. | journal=Circulation | year= 2016 | volume= 133 | issue= 24 | pages= 2503-15 | pmid=27297343 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.021178 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27297343  }} </ref>
 
OR
 
Empiric therapy for [disease name] depends on [disease factor 1] and [disease factor 2].
 
OR
 
Patients with [disease subclass 1] are treated with [therapy 1], whereas patients with [disease subclass 2] are treated with [therapy 2].


===Surgery===
===Surgery===
Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of [disease name].
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for [[Celiac disease|cardiac fibrosis]].
 
Compare with medical therapy , surgery can increase patients [[Survival function|survival]].Surgery of [[EMB|EMF]] include [[E|endocardiotom]]<nowiki/>y and [[valve replacement]] or repair.<ref name="pmid31414216">{{cite journal| author=Duraes AR, de Souza Lima Bitar Y, Roever L, Neto MG| title=Endomyocardial fibrosis: past, present, and future. | journal=Heart Fail Rev | year= 2019 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=31414216 | doi=10.1007/s10741-019-09848-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31414216  }} </ref>
OR
 
Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with [disease name]. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and [indication 3]
 
OR
 
The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and/or [indication 3].
 
OR
 
The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of [malignancy] at diagnosis.
 
OR
 
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for [disease or malignancy].


===Primary Prevention===
===Primary Prevention===
There are no established measures for the primary prevention of [disease name].
There are no established measures for the primary prevention of [[C(o)eliac sprue|cardiac fibrosis]].
 
OR
 
There are no available vaccines against [disease name].
 
OR
 
Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].
 
OR
 
[Vaccine name] vaccine is recommended for [patient population] to prevent [disease name]. Other primary prevention strategies include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].


===Secondary Prevention===
===Secondary Prevention===
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name].
Effective measures for the [[secondary prevention]] of [[Celiac disease|cardiac fibrosis]] include [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] [[Echocardiography and ultrasound|echocardiography]] in [[endemic]] areas.<ref name="pmid31414216">{{cite journal| author=Duraes AR, de Souza Lima Bitar Y, Roever L, Neto MG| title=Endomyocardial fibrosis: past, present, and future. | journal=Heart Fail Rev | year= 2019 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=31414216 | doi=10.1007/s10741-019-09848-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31414216  }} </ref>
 
OR
 
Effective measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name] include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].


==References==
==References==
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==Pathophysiology==
These cells secrete [[collagen]], and normally function to provide structural support for the heart. When over activated this process causes thickening and fibrosis, primarily on the [[tricuspid valve]], but also occurring on the [[pulmonary valve]], eventually leading to right-sided [[heart failure]].
Certain diseases such as gastrointestinal [[carcinoid]] tumors, which release large amounts of [[serotonin]] into the blood, produce a characteristic pattern of mostly right sided cardiac fibrosis which can be identified at autopsy. This pathology has also been seen in certain african tribes who eat foods containing excess amounts of serotonin.
Some appetite suppressant drugs such as [[fenfluramine]] and [[chlorphentermine]] induce a similar pattern of cardiac fibrosis, by over-stimulating 5HT<sub>2B</sub> receptors on the cardiac fibroblast cells. These drugs consequently tended to cause increased risk of heart valve damage and subsequent [[heart failure]], which eventually led to them being withdrawn from the market.
A compound found in red wine, [[resveratrol]] has been found to slow down the development of cardiac fibrosis.
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[[CME Category::Cardiology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Gross pathology]]

Latest revision as of 20:12, 14 February 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Niloofarsadaat Eshaghhosseiny, MD[2]


Synonyms and keywords:Davies disease

Overview

Cardiac fibrosis refers to an abnormal thickening of the heart valves due to inappropriate proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts.Endomyocardial fibrosis(EMF) chareacterized by deposite of fibrous and thickening of the endocardium and myocardium ventricles that leading restrictive cardiomyopathy.It is a neglected disorder that usually prodominant in tropical areas of developing and low -income countries.

Historical Perspective

First description for endomyocardial fibrosis was in 1948 by Davies in Uganda.[1] Endomyocardial fibrosis was first discovered in 1984 in Ugenda.[1]

There have been several outbreaks of endomycardial fibrosis, including Africa,Asia,and South America.[1]

Classification

Myocardial fibrosis may be classified into two groups:interstitial fibrosis (diffuse),replacement fibrosis (scar) .[2] The interstitial fibrosis divided in to two subclasses:reactive and infiltrative.[3]

Pathophysiology

It is thought that cardiac fibrosis is the result of remodeling of extracellular and deposition of extracellular matrix that causes to impaired muscles function.[3] Also cardiac fibrosis is mediated by cardial fibrosis include Eosinophilia, Infectious such as toxoplasma, malaria,helminthic parasites,rheumatic fever,Environmental exposure such as cerium ,casava ,Immunologic and Genetic.[4][5][6] [7][8][9]

Causes

The most common cause of cardiac fibrosis is cardiac fibrotic scars that usually occure after myocardial infarction . other causes of cardiac fibrotic scars include , hypertensive heart disease,diabetic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and ,idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.[3]

Differentiating ((Page name)) from other Diseases

cardiac fibrosis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause heart failure,premature death in children and adults.[10]

Epidemiology and Demographics

Endomyocardial fibrosis is the most cause of heart failure,that up 20% of cases are in endmic area.[10]

Recently the incidence of EMF has been decreased.[10]

In one of the researches in 2008 the prevalence of EMF was 19.8%.[11]

The incidence of EMF is approximately 10,000,000 people worldwide.[11]


The incidence of endomycardial fibrosis is more common in Africa,Asia and South America.[1]

The most cases in Uganda,Mozambique and some west of Africa are Endemic for EMF.[1] Although sporadic cases have been reported in Congo and Malawi.[1] In India the most cases are in rain forest area of Kerala State.[1] In china we can see the high frequency of EMF in Guanxi.[1] And in south of America , Brazil and Colombia are the most frequent area.[1]

Patients of all age groups may develop EMF butcommonly affects young adults between 10 to 30 years old with poor socioeconomic status.[1]

In some researches EMF affects men and women equally but prevalence of EMF in Uganda,is 2-fold higher in women of childbearing age .[1]

The majority of EMF cases are reported in Africa.[1]

Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development of cardiac fibrosis may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.[3]

Common risk factors in the development of cardiac fibrosis include Obesity, Metabolic dysfunction,DM,HTN.[12]

Screening

There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for cardiac fibrosis but in high risk individuals or in endemic areas we can use echocardiography as screening.[13]

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Common complications of cardiac fibrosis include stifness of left ventricle,heart failure,arrihythmias.[14]

Prognosis is very poor.[13]

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

The diagnosis and severity of cardiac fibrosis according to classification is made when we have 2 major criteria or 1 major criterion with 2 minor criteria.(table below)[1]

From Mocumbi AO, Ferreira MB, Sidi D, Yacoub MH.3 A population study of endomyocardial fibrosis in a rural area of Mozambique. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:43–49. Copyright © 2008 Massachusetts Medical Society.
criterion score
MAJOR CRITERIA
Endomyocardial plaques >2mm in thickness 2
Thin(<1mm) endomyocardial patches affecting >1 ventricular wall 3
Oblitration of the right ventricular or left ventricular apex 4
Thrombi or spontaneous contrast without sever ventricular dysfunction 4
Retraction of right venticular apex (right ventricular apical notch) 4
Atrioventricular valve dysfunction caused by adhession of the valvular apparatus 1-4
MINOR CRITERIA
Thin endomyocardial patches localized to 1 ventricular wall 1
Restrictive flow pattern across mitral or tricuspid valve 2
Pulmonary valve diastolic opening 2
Diffuse thickening of the anterior mitral leaflet 1
Enlarged atrium with normal-sized ventricle 2
M-movment of the interventricular septum and flat posterior wall 1
Enhanced density of the moderator or other intraventricular bands 1

History and Symptoms

EMF symptoms divided in to two phases:Acute , Chronic The most common symptoms of acute include febrile illness ,pancarditis,eosinophilia,dyspenea,itching, pericardial effusion. Symptoms of chronic phase deponds on biventricular or isolated right/left ventricular involvement(RV heart failure/LV heart failure).[1] In right ventricular involvement most common symptoms are :systemic venous HTN,facial edema,exophtalmos,jugular vein distention,gross hepatomegaly,splenomegaly and abdomonal swelling.[1]

Physical Examination

Patients with cardiac fibrosis usually appear ill. Common physical examination findings of cardial fibrosis causing heart failure include,facial and periorbital edema, acscites,jvp distention,fever,pericardial friction rub due to pericarditis and non specific signs in chronic phase are clubbing of digits,growth retardation ,testicular atrophy, cachexia.[1]

Laboratory Findings

Biomarkers of fibrosis can be detected in blood tests.[2] In 2015 Begon Lopez and teammates have been researched on using collagenouse biomarkers for diagnos of cardiac fibrosis. According to this article there is two type of collagen-derived serum peptids have been related to cardiac fibrosis: Carboxy-terminal propeptide of procollagen type 1(P1CP),Amino-terminal propeptide of procollagen type 3(P3NP).[15]

Electrocardiogram

An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of cardiac fibrosis. Findings on an ECG include RA abnormality,peaking and increased P wave amplitude, if right ventricle involved we will have R wave in lead V1, and AF is common in patients with cardiac fibrosis.[10]

X-ray

An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of cardiac fibrosis. Findings on an x-ray include cardiomrgaly and may we have silhouette oligemic pulmonary fields.[10]

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

Findings on an echocardiography suggestive of endomyocardial fibrosis include small ventricle with obliteration of the apex with large atrium .[10] Oblitration by fibrosis at ventricular apex can change ventricular morphology,that called mushroom sign.[10]

CT scan

Cardiac calcifications or intracavitary thrombi may be finded in cardiac CT scan.[1]

MRI

Cardiac MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of EMF. Findings on MRI diagnostic of EMF include small ventricles with hypertrophy in the apical,also shows hypoperfused myocardial areas and we can see fibrosis in late -gadolinium -enhancement images.[1][10]

Other Imaging Findings

There are no other imaging findings associated with cardiac fibrosis.

Other Diagnostic Studies

There are no other diagnostic studies associated with cardiac fibrosis.

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Supportive therapy of heart failure for EMF includes diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors with combination therapy with asprin or anticoagulation.[1]

Surgery

Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for cardiac fibrosis. Compare with medical therapy , surgery can increase patients survival.Surgery of EMF include endocardiotomy and valve replacement or repair.[10]

Primary Prevention

There are no established measures for the primary prevention of cardiac fibrosis.

Secondary Prevention

Effective measures for the secondary prevention of cardiac fibrosis include screening echocardiography in endemic areas.[10]

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 Grimaldi A, Mocumbi AO, Freers J, Lachaud M, Mirabel M, Ferreira B; et al. (2016). "Tropical Endomyocardial Fibrosis: Natural History, Challenges, and Perspectives". Circulation. 133 (24): 2503–15. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.021178. PMID 27297343.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Espeland T, Lunde IG, H Amundsen B, Gullestad L, Aakhus S (2018). "Myocardial fibrosis". Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 138 (16). doi:10.4045/tidsskr.17.1027. PMID 30344312.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Hinderer S, Schenke-Layland K (2019). "Cardiac fibrosis - A short review of causes and therapeutic strategies". Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 146: 77–82. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2019.05.011. PMID 31158407.
  4. ↑ Weller PF, Bubley GJ (1994). "The idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome". Blood. 83 (10): 2759–79. PMID 8180373.
  5. ↑ Ijaola O, Falase AO (1990). "Distribution of antibodies against Coxsackie B viruses, arboviruses and Toxoplasma gondii among patients with endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) compared with normal subjects from EMF endemic and non-endemic zones of Nigeria". Afr J Med Med Sci. 19 (2): 93–103. PMID 2165348.
  6. ↑ Valiathan SM, Kartha CC (1990). "Endomyocardial fibrosis--the possible connexion with myocardial levels of magnesium and cerium". Int J Cardiol. 28 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1016/0167-5273(90)90002-m. PMID 2194985.
  7. ↑ Sezi CL (1996). "Effects of cassava diet on Cercopithecus aethiops livers: a case for cassava as the cause of both tropical splenomegaly syndrome (TSS) and endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF)". East Afr Med J. 73 (5 Suppl): S24–8. PMID 8756024.
  8. ↑ Mocumbi AO, Latif N, Yacoub MH (2010). "Presence of circulating anti-myosin antibodies in endomyocardial fibrosis". PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 4 (4): e661. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000661. PMC 2857887. PMID 20422043.
  9. ↑ Lowenthal MN (1978). "Endomyocardial fibrosis: familial and other cases from northern Zambia". Med J Zambia. 12 (1): 2–7. PMID 757895.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 Duraes AR, de Souza Lima Bitar Y, Roever L, Neto MG (2019). "Endomyocardial fibrosis: past, present, and future". Heart Fail Rev. doi:10.1007/s10741-019-09848-4. PMID 31414216.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Mocumbi AO, Ferreira MB, Sidi D, Yacoub MH (2008). "A population study of endomyocardial fibrosis in a rural area of Mozambique". N Engl J Med. 359 (1): 43–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0708629. PMID 18596273.
  12. ↑ Cavalera M, Wang J, Frangogiannis NG (2014). "Obesity, metabolic dysfunction, and cardiac fibrosis: pathophysiological pathways, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic opportunities". Transl Res. 164 (4): 323–35. doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2014.05.001. PMC 4180761. PMID 24880146.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Correction". Circulation. 131 (24): e535. 2015. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000219. PMID 26078378.
  14. ↑ Ma ZG, Yuan YP, Wu HM, Zhang X, Tang QZ (2018). "Cardiac fibrosis: new insights into the pathogenesis". Int J Biol Sci. 14 (12): 1645–1657. doi:10.7150/ijbs.28103. PMC 6216032. PMID 30416379.
  15. ↑ López B, González A, Ravassa S, Beaumont J, Moreno MU, San José G; et al. (2015). "Circulating Biomarkers of Myocardial Fibrosis: The Need for a Reappraisal". J Am Coll Cardiol. 65 (22): 2449–56. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.04.026. PMID 26046739.


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