Carcinoma of the penis causes: Difference between revisions
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* The types of [[HPV]] are often grouped into low and high risk according to their association with [[cancer]]. | * The types of [[HPV]] are often grouped into low and high risk according to their association with [[cancer]]. | ||
:* Low-risk [[Human papillomavirus|HPV]] types such as 6 and 11 rarely cause [[cancer]], but they can cause [[warts]] on or around the [[genitals]]. [[Men]] with [[Penis|penile]] [[cancer]] often report having a [[History and Physical examination|history]] of [[Genital warts|genital warts.]] | :* Low-risk [[Human papillomavirus|HPV]] types such as 6 and 11 rarely cause [[cancer]], but they can cause [[warts]] on or around the [[genitals]]. [[Men]] with [[Penis|penile]] [[cancer]] often report having a [[History and Physical examination|history]] of [[Genital warts|genital warts.]] | ||
:* High-risk [[Human papillomavirus|HPV]] types are more likely to lead to cancer. In particular, HPV types 16 and 18 are linked to penile cancer. The exact role that these [[viruses]] play in the development of penile cancer is not clear. | :* High-risk [[Human papillomavirus|HPV]] types are more likely to lead to [[cancer]]. In particular, [[Human papillomavirus|HPV]] types 16 and 18 are linked to [[penile cancer]]. The exact role that these [[viruses]] play in the [[development]] of [[penile cancer]] is not clear. | ||
'''Lack of Circumcision''' | '''Lack of Circumcision''' | ||
*Circumcision removes all (or part) of the foreskin | *[[Circumcise|Circumcision]] removes all (or part) of the [[foreskin]] | ||
*This procedure is most often done in infants, but it can be done later in life as well | *This [[procedure]] is most often done in [[infants]], but it can be done later in [[life]] as well | ||
*Men who are circumcised can’t develop the condition called phimosis, and they don’t accumulate material known as smegma | *[[Men]] who are [[circumcised]] can’t [[Development|develop]] the condition called [[phimosis]], and they don’t accumulate material known as [[smegma]] | ||
'''Phimosis''' | '''Phimosis''' | ||
*In men who are not circumcised, the foreskin can sometimes become tight and difficult to retract | *In men who are not [[circumcised]], the [[foreskin]] can sometimes become tight and difficult to [[Retraction|retract]] | ||
*Penile cancer is more common in men with phimosis | *[[Penile cancer]] is more common in [[men]] with [[phimosis]] | ||
*Due to build-up of smegma or from inflammation that results from phimosis | *Due to build-up of [[smegma]] or from [[inflammation]] that results from [[phimosis]] | ||
'''Smegma''' | '''Smegma''' | ||
*Secretions can build up underneath an intact foreskin | *[[Secretion|Secretions]] can build up underneath an intact [[foreskin]] | ||
*If the area under the foreskin isn’t cleaned well, these secretions build up enough to become a thick, odorous substance known as smegma | *If the [[area]] under the [[foreskin]] isn’t cleaned well, these [[secretions]] build up enough to become a thick, [[Odor|odorous]] [[substance]] known as [[smegma]] | ||
*Smegma is more common in men with phimosis | *[[Smegma]] is more common in [[men]] with [[phimosis]] | ||
*Can occur in anyone with a foreskin if the foreskin isn't retracted regularly to clean the head of the penis | *Can occur in anyone with a [[foreskin]] if the [[foreskin]] isn't [[Retraction|retracted]] regularly to clean the [[head]] of the [[penis]] | ||
*It can irritate and inflame the penis eventually leading to penile carcinoma | *It can [[irritate]] and [[Inflammation|inflame]] the [[penis]] eventually leading to [[penile carcinoma]] | ||
'''Smoking and other tobacco use''' | '''Smoking and other tobacco use''' | ||
*Tobacco users who have HPV infections have an even higher risk of developing | *[[Tobacco]] users who have [[Human papillomavirus|HPV]] [[Infection|infections]] have an even higher risk of [[Development|developing]] | ||
'''UV light treatment for psoriasis''' | '''UV light treatment for psoriasis''' | ||
*Treated with drugs called psoralens and then an ultraviolet A (UVA) light source. This is called PUVA therapy | *Treated with [[drugs]] called [[psoralens]] and then an [[ultraviolet]] A ([[UVA radiation|UVA]]) [[light]] source. This is called [[PUVA therapy]] | ||
*To help lower this risk, men being treated with PUVA now have their genitals covered during treatment | *To help lower this risk, [[men]] being treated with [[PUVA therapy|PUVA]] now have their [[genitals]] covered during treatment | ||
'''Immunocompromised states''' | '''Immunocompromised states''' | ||
Latest revision as of 15:04, 3 April 2019
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Carcinoma of the penis Microchapters |
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Carcinoma of the penis causes On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Carcinoma of the penis causes |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Carcinoma of the penis causes |
Editor(s)-in-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Phone:617-632-7753, Swathi Venkatesan, M.B.B.S.[2]
Overview
Carcinoma of the penis is most commonly caused by an infection with human papillomavirus, lack of circumcision, phimosis, smegma, smoking and other tobacco use, UV light treatment of psoriasis as well as immunocompromised states such as AIDS.
Cause
- Infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with penile cancer. Most sexually active men will be exposed to HPV at some time in their life.
- The types of HPV are often grouped into low and high risk according to their association with cancer.
- Low-risk HPV types such as 6 and 11 rarely cause cancer, but they can cause warts on or around the genitals. Men with penile cancer often report having a history of genital warts.
- High-risk HPV types are more likely to lead to cancer. In particular, HPV types 16 and 18 are linked to penile cancer. The exact role that these viruses play in the development of penile cancer is not clear.
Lack of Circumcision
- Circumcision removes all (or part) of the foreskin
- This procedure is most often done in infants, but it can be done later in life as well
- Men who are circumcised can’t develop the condition called phimosis, and they don’t accumulate material known as smegma
Phimosis
- In men who are not circumcised, the foreskin can sometimes become tight and difficult to retract
- Penile cancer is more common in men with phimosis
- Due to build-up of smegma or from inflammation that results from phimosis
Smegma
- Secretions can build up underneath an intact foreskin
- If the area under the foreskin isn’t cleaned well, these secretions build up enough to become a thick, odorous substance known as smegma
- Smegma is more common in men with phimosis
- Can occur in anyone with a foreskin if the foreskin isn't retracted regularly to clean the head of the penis
- It can irritate and inflame the penis eventually leading to penile carcinoma
Smoking and other tobacco use
- Tobacco users who have HPV infections have an even higher risk of developing
UV light treatment for psoriasis
- Treated with drugs called psoralens and then an ultraviolet A (UVA) light source. This is called PUVA therapy
- To help lower this risk, men being treated with PUVA now have their genitals covered during treatment
Immunocompromised states Poor genital hygiene
References
- ↑ Risk factors for penile cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/penile/risks/?region=ab
- ↑ "Penile Cancer: Risk Factors and Prevention | Cancer.Net".