Carcinoma of the penis causes: Difference between revisions

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==Cause==
==Cause==
'''Human papillomavirus'''<ref>Risk factors for penile cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/penile/risks/?region=ab </ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/penile-cancer/risk-factors-and-prevention |title=Penile Cancer: Risk Factors and Prevention &#124; Cancer.Net |format= |work= |accessdate=}} </ref>
'''Human papillomavirus'''<ref>Risk factors for penile cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/penile/risks/?region=ab </ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/penile-cancer/risk-factors-and-prevention |title=Penile Cancer: Risk Factors and Prevention &#124; Cancer.Net |format= |work= |accessdate=}} </ref>
* Infection with the [[human papillomavirus]] (HPV) is associated with penile cancer. Most sexually active men will be exposed to HPV at some time in their life.
* [[Infection]] with the [[human papillomavirus]] ([[Human papillomavirus|HPV]]) is associated with [[Penis|penile]] [[cancer]]. Most [[Sex (activity)|sexually]] active [[men]] will be exposed to [[Human papillomavirus|HPV]] at some time in their life.
* The types of HPV are often grouped into low and high risk according to their association with cancer.
* The types of [[HPV]] are often grouped into low and high risk according to their association with [[cancer]].
:* Low-risk HPV types such as 6 and 11 rarely cause cancer, but they can cause [[warts]] on or around the [[genitals]]. Men with penile cancer often report having a history of genital warts.
:* Low-risk [[Human papillomavirus|HPV]] types such as 6 and 11 rarely cause [[cancer]], but they can cause [[warts]] on or around the [[genitals]]. [[Men]] with [[Penis|penile]] [[cancer]] often report having a [[History and Physical examination|history]] of [[Genital warts|genital warts.]]
:* High-risk HPV types are more likely to lead to cancer. In particular, HPV types 16 and 18 are linked to penile cancer. The exact role that these [[viruses]] play in the development of penile cancer is not clear.
:* High-risk [[Human papillomavirus|HPV]] types are more likely to lead to [[cancer]]. In particular, [[Human papillomavirus|HPV]] types 16 and 18 are linked to [[penile cancer]]. The exact role that these [[viruses]] play in the [[development]] of [[penile cancer]] is not clear.


'''Lack of Circumcision'''
'''Lack of Circumcision'''
*Circumcision removes all (or part) of the foreskin
*[[Circumcise|Circumcision]] removes all (or part) of the [[foreskin]]
*This procedure is most often done in infants, but it can be done later in life as well  
*This [[procedure]] is most often done in [[infants]], but it can be done later in [[life]] as well  
*Men who are circumcised can’t develop the condition called phimosis, and they don’t accumulate material known as smegma
*[[Men]] who are [[circumcised]] can’t [[Development|develop]] the condition called [[phimosis]], and they don’t accumulate material known as [[smegma]]


'''Phimosis'''
'''Phimosis'''
*In men who are not circumcised, the foreskin can sometimes become tight and difficult to retract  
*In men who are not [[circumcised]], the [[foreskin]] can sometimes become tight and difficult to [[Retraction|retract]]
*Penile cancer is more common in men with phimosis
*[[Penile cancer]] is more common in [[men]] with [[phimosis]]
*Due to build-up of smegma or from inflammation that results from phimosis
*Due to build-up of [[smegma]] or from [[inflammation]] that results from [[phimosis]]


'''Smegma'''
'''Smegma'''
*Secretions can build up underneath an intact foreskin
*[[Secretion|Secretions]] can build up underneath an intact [[foreskin]]
*If the area under the foreskin isn’t cleaned well, these secretions build up enough to become a thick, odorous substance known as smegma
*If the [[area]] under the [[foreskin]] isn’t cleaned well, these [[secretions]] build up enough to become a thick, [[Odor|odorous]] [[substance]] known as [[smegma]]
*Smegma is more common in men with phimosis
*[[Smegma]] is more common in [[men]] with [[phimosis]]
*Can occur in anyone with a foreskin if the foreskin isn't retracted regularly to clean the head of the penis
*Can occur in anyone with a [[foreskin]] if the [[foreskin]] isn't [[Retraction|retracted]] regularly to clean the [[head]] of the [[penis]]
*It can irritate and inflame the penis eventually leading to penile carcinoma  
*It can [[irritate]] and [[Inflammation|inflame]] the [[penis]] eventually leading to [[penile carcinoma]]


'''Smoking and other tobacco use'''
'''Smoking and other tobacco use'''
*Tobacco users who have HPV infections have an even higher risk of developing
*[[Tobacco]] users who have [[Human papillomavirus|HPV]] [[Infection|infections]] have an even higher risk of [[Development|developing]]


'''UV light treatment for psoriasis'''
'''UV light treatment for psoriasis'''
*Treated with drugs called psoralens and then an ultraviolet A (UVA) light source.  This is called PUVA therapy
*Treated with [[drugs]] called [[psoralens]] and then an [[ultraviolet]] A ([[UVA radiation|UVA]]) [[light]] source.  This is called [[PUVA therapy]]
*To help lower this risk, men being treated with PUVA now have their genitals covered during treatment
*To help lower this risk, [[men]] being treated with [[PUVA therapy|PUVA]] now have their [[genitals]] covered during treatment


'''Immunocompromised states'''
'''Immunocompromised states'''

Latest revision as of 15:04, 3 April 2019

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Editor(s)-in-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Phone:617-632-7753, Swathi Venkatesan, M.B.B.S.[2]

Overview

Carcinoma of the penis is most commonly caused by an infection with human papillomavirus, lack of circumcision, phimosis, smegma, smoking and other tobacco use, UV light treatment of psoriasis as well as immunocompromised states such as AIDS.

Cause

Human papillomavirus[1] [2]

Lack of Circumcision

Phimosis

Smegma

Smoking and other tobacco use

UV light treatment for psoriasis

Immunocompromised states Poor genital hygiene

References

  1. Risk factors for penile cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/penile/risks/?region=ab
  2. "Penile Cancer: Risk Factors and Prevention | Cancer.Net".


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