Carcinoma of the penis causes: Difference between revisions
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{{Carcinoma of the penis}} | {{Carcinoma of the penis}} | ||
'''Editor(s)-in-Chief:''' [[C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.]] [mailto:charlesmichaelgibson@gmail.com] Phone:617-632-7753 | '''Editor(s)-in-Chief:''' [[C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.]] [mailto:charlesmichaelgibson@gmail.com] Phone:617-632-7753, {{Swathi}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
[[Carcinoma]] of the [[penis]] is most commonly caused by an [[infection]] with [[human papillomavirus]], lack of [[Circumcise|circumcision]], [[phimosis]], [[smegma]], [[smoking]] and other [[tobacco]] use, [[Ultraviolet|UV]] [[light]] treatment of [[psoriasis]] as well as [[immunocompromised]] states such as [[AIDS]]. | |||
==Cause== | ==Cause== | ||
'''Human papillomavirus'''<ref>Risk factors for penile cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/penile/risks/?region=ab </ref> | '''Human papillomavirus'''<ref>Risk factors for penile cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/penile/risks/?region=ab </ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/penile-cancer/risk-factors-and-prevention |title=Penile Cancer: Risk Factors and Prevention | Cancer.Net |format= |work= |accessdate=}} </ref> | ||
* Infection with the [[human papillomavirus]] (HPV) is associated with penile cancer. Most sexually active men will be exposed to HPV at some time in their life. | * [[Infection]] with the [[human papillomavirus]] ([[Human papillomavirus|HPV]]) is associated with [[Penis|penile]] [[cancer]]. Most [[Sex (activity)|sexually]] active [[men]] will be exposed to [[Human papillomavirus|HPV]] at some time in their life. | ||
* The types of HPV are often grouped into low and high risk according to their association with cancer. | * The types of [[HPV]] are often grouped into low and high risk according to their association with [[cancer]]. | ||
:* Low-risk HPV types such as 6 and 11 rarely cause cancer, but they can cause [[warts]] on or around the [[genitals]]. Men with penile cancer often report having a history of genital warts. | :* Low-risk [[Human papillomavirus|HPV]] types such as 6 and 11 rarely cause [[cancer]], but they can cause [[warts]] on or around the [[genitals]]. [[Men]] with [[Penis|penile]] [[cancer]] often report having a [[History and Physical examination|history]] of [[Genital warts|genital warts.]] | ||
:* High-risk HPV types are more likely to lead to cancer. In particular, HPV types 16 and 18 are linked to penile cancer. The exact role that these [[viruses]] play in the development of penile cancer is not clear. | :* High-risk [[Human papillomavirus|HPV]] types are more likely to lead to [[cancer]]. In particular, [[Human papillomavirus|HPV]] types 16 and 18 are linked to [[penile cancer]]. The exact role that these [[viruses]] play in the [[development]] of [[penile cancer]] is not clear. | ||
'''Lack of Circumcision''' | |||
*[[Circumcise|Circumcision]] removes all (or part) of the [[foreskin]] | |||
*This [[procedure]] is most often done in [[infants]], but it can be done later in [[life]] as well | |||
*[[Men]] who are [[circumcised]] can’t [[Development|develop]] the condition called [[phimosis]], and they don’t accumulate material known as [[smegma]] | |||
'''Phimosis''' | |||
*In men who are not [[circumcised]], the [[foreskin]] can sometimes become tight and difficult to [[Retraction|retract]] | |||
*[[Penile cancer]] is more common in [[men]] with [[phimosis]] | |||
*Due to build-up of [[smegma]] or from [[inflammation]] that results from [[phimosis]] | |||
'''Smegma''' | |||
*[[Secretion|Secretions]] can build up underneath an intact [[foreskin]] | |||
*If the [[area]] under the [[foreskin]] isn’t cleaned well, these [[secretions]] build up enough to become a thick, [[Odor|odorous]] [[substance]] known as [[smegma]] | |||
*[[Smegma]] is more common in [[men]] with [[phimosis]] | |||
*Can occur in anyone with a [[foreskin]] if the [[foreskin]] isn't [[Retraction|retracted]] regularly to clean the [[head]] of the [[penis]] | |||
*It can [[irritate]] and [[Inflammation|inflame]] the [[penis]] eventually leading to [[penile carcinoma]] | |||
'''Smoking and other tobacco use''' | |||
*[[Tobacco]] users who have [[Human papillomavirus|HPV]] [[Infection|infections]] have an even higher risk of [[Development|developing]] | |||
'''UV light treatment for psoriasis''' | |||
*Treated with [[drugs]] called [[psoralens]] and then an [[ultraviolet]] A ([[UVA radiation|UVA]]) [[light]] source. This is called [[PUVA therapy]] | |||
*To help lower this risk, [[men]] being treated with [[PUVA therapy|PUVA]] now have their [[genitals]] covered during treatment | |||
'''Immunocompromised states''' | |||
'''Poor genital hygiene''' | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 15:04, 3 April 2019
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Editor(s)-in-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Phone:617-632-7753, Swathi Venkatesan, M.B.B.S.[2]
Overview
Carcinoma of the penis is most commonly caused by an infection with human papillomavirus, lack of circumcision, phimosis, smegma, smoking and other tobacco use, UV light treatment of psoriasis as well as immunocompromised states such as AIDS.
Cause
- Infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with penile cancer. Most sexually active men will be exposed to HPV at some time in their life.
- The types of HPV are often grouped into low and high risk according to their association with cancer.
- Low-risk HPV types such as 6 and 11 rarely cause cancer, but they can cause warts on or around the genitals. Men with penile cancer often report having a history of genital warts.
- High-risk HPV types are more likely to lead to cancer. In particular, HPV types 16 and 18 are linked to penile cancer. The exact role that these viruses play in the development of penile cancer is not clear.
Lack of Circumcision
- Circumcision removes all (or part) of the foreskin
- This procedure is most often done in infants, but it can be done later in life as well
- Men who are circumcised can’t develop the condition called phimosis, and they don’t accumulate material known as smegma
Phimosis
- In men who are not circumcised, the foreskin can sometimes become tight and difficult to retract
- Penile cancer is more common in men with phimosis
- Due to build-up of smegma or from inflammation that results from phimosis
Smegma
- Secretions can build up underneath an intact foreskin
- If the area under the foreskin isn’t cleaned well, these secretions build up enough to become a thick, odorous substance known as smegma
- Smegma is more common in men with phimosis
- Can occur in anyone with a foreskin if the foreskin isn't retracted regularly to clean the head of the penis
- It can irritate and inflame the penis eventually leading to penile carcinoma
Smoking and other tobacco use
- Tobacco users who have HPV infections have an even higher risk of developing
UV light treatment for psoriasis
- Treated with drugs called psoralens and then an ultraviolet A (UVA) light source. This is called PUVA therapy
- To help lower this risk, men being treated with PUVA now have their genitals covered during treatment
Immunocompromised states Poor genital hygiene
References
- ↑ Risk factors for penile cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/penile/risks/?region=ab
- ↑ "Penile Cancer: Risk Factors and Prevention | Cancer.Net".