COVID-19-associated neutrophilia: Difference between revisions

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{{CMG}}; {{AE}} [[User:Fausatadogba|Oluwabusola Fausat Adogba, MD]]


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==Overview==
==Overview==
[[Coronavirus]] disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been considered as a global [[pandemic]] since its first emergence in Wuhan,China.On March 12, 2020, the [[World Health Organization]] declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic.There is no established system for the classification regarding COVID-19 related [[lymphopenia]]. four hypothetical mechanism regarding lymphopenia are : Direct infection of Lymphocyt, direct destroying of lymphocytic organs, inflamatory cytokins such as TNFɑ, IL-6,Lymphocyte inhibition,


==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
[Disease name] was first discovered by [name of scientist], a [nationality + occupation], in [year]/during/following [event].


The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].
*[[Coronavirus]] disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been considered as a global [[pandemic]] since its first emergence in Wuhan,China.<ref name="urlWHO Western Pacific | World Health Organization">{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/westernpacific/emergencies/covid-19 |title=WHO Western Pacific &#124; World Health Organization |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>


In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].
* On March 12, 2020, the [[World Health Organization]] declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic.
 
* Since the first descriptive study lymphocyte count has been a marker of interest.<ref name="RuanYang2020">{{cite journal|last1=Ruan|first1=Qiurong|last2=Yang|first2=Kun|last3=Wang|first3=Wenxia|last4=Jiang|first4=Lingyu|last5=Song|first5=Jianxin|title=Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China|journal=Intensive Care Medicine|volume=46|issue=5|year=2020|pages=846–848|issn=0342-4642|doi=10.1007/s00134-020-05991-x}}</ref>
In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].
 
There have been several outbreaks of [disease name], including -----.
 
In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].


==Classification==
==Classification==
There is no established system for the classification of [disease name].
There is no established system for the classification regarding COVID-19 related [[neutrophilia]].
 
OR
 
[Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups: [group1], [group2], [group3], and [group4].
 
OR
 
[Disease name] may be classified into [large number > 6] subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].
[Disease name] may be classified into several subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].
 
OR
 
Based on the duration of symptoms, [disease name] may be classified as either acute or chronic.
 
OR
 
If the staging system involves specific and characteristic findings and features:
According to the [staging system + reference], there are [number] stages of [malignancy name] based on the [finding1], [finding2], and [finding3]. Each stage is assigned a [letter/number1] and a [letter/number2] that designate the [feature1] and [feature2].
 
OR
 
The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system].
 
OR
 
There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].
 
==Pathophysiology==
The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.
 
OR
 
It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
 
OR
 
[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
 
OR
 
Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
 
OR
 
 
[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
 
OR
 
The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
 
OR
 
The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.


==Causes==
==Causes==
Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].


OR


Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].


OR
==Differentiating COVID-19 related Neutrophilia from other Diseases==
COVID-19 related [[Neutrophilia]] starts acutely in the course of the disease, with other manifestations of the disease.


The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].


OR
The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click [[Pericarditis causes#Overview|here]].
==Differentiating ((Page name)) from other Diseases==
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
OR
[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
*The incidence of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as of June 28, 2020 is approximately 9,843,073 cases worldwide with 495,760 deaths.<ref name="urlWHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard | WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard">{{cite web |url=https://covid19.who.int/?gclid=CjwKCAjw_-D3BRBIEiwAjVMy7NXI2vvO5rNBN-3aUwE4Lr3kcrhDJfoUkdlwlXtHXmTBoXBgseCGxRoCGpsQAvD_BwE |title=WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard &#124; WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
 
*Patients of all age groups may develop COVID-19. However, the elderly population and immunocompromised individuals are more likely to develop severe cases of COVID-19.
OR
 
In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
 
OR
 
In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate of [number range]%.
 
 
 
Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
 
OR
 
The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
 
OR
 
[Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.
 
OR
 
[Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].
 
OR
 
[Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].
 
 
 
There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
 
OR
 
[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
 
 
 
[Disease name] affects men and women equally.
 
OR
 
[Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.
 
 
 
The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].
 
OR
 
[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
There are no established risk factors for [disease name].
People of any age with certain underlying medical conditions are at increased risk for severe illness from COVID-19. These medical conditions include:<ref name="urlPeople Who Are at Higher Risk for Severe Illness | Coronavirus | COVID-19 | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fneed-extra-precautions%2Fgroups-at-higher-risk.html |title=People Who Are at Higher Risk for Severe Illness &#124; Coronavirus &#124; COVID-19 &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
 
*[[Chronic kidney disease]]
OR
*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
 
*Immunocompromised state (weakened immune system) from solid organ transplant
The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
*Obesity (body mass index [BMI] of 30 or higher)
 
*Serious heart conditions, such as [[heart failure]], [[coronary artery disease]], or [[cardiomyopathies]]
OR
*[[Sickle cell disease]]
 
*[[Type 2 diabetes mellitus]]
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
 
OR
 
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.


==Screening==
==Screening==
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy].
*COVID-19 related Neutrophilia cannot be prevented.
 
* The Centers for Disease Control [[CDC]] has developed a laboratory test to help estimate how many people in the United States have been infected with SARS-CoV-2. <ref name="urlOverview of Testing for SARS-CoV-2 | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/testing-overview.html |title=Overview of Testing for SARS-CoV-2 &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
OR
* This is known as the [[serology]] test, and many commercial laboratories call it an antibody test.
 
* CDC is using this [[serologic]] (antibody) test to evaluate the performance of commercial antibody tests. [[CDC]] will develop guidance for the use of antibody tests in clinical and public health settings.
According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] is not recommended.
* An antibody test looks for the presence of antibodies, which are specific proteins made in response to infections. Antibodies are detected in the blood of people who are tested after infection; they show an immune response to the infection.
 
* Antibody test results are especially important for detecting previous infections in people who had few or no symptoms.
OR
 
According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] by [test 1] is recommended every [duration] among patients with [condition 1], [condition 2], and [condition 3].


==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
*Common hematologic complications of [[coronavirus]] include [[lymphopenia]], [[COVID-19-associated neutrophilia|neutrophilia]] and [[COVID-19-associated thrombocytopenia|thrombocytosis]].


OR
Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
OR
Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.


==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===
The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1], [criterion 2], [criterion 3], and [criterion 4].
OR
The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [criteria name] criteria, which include [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].
OR
The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [definition name] definition, which includes [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].
OR
There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of [disease name].
===History and Symptoms===
The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.
OR
The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
===Physical Examination===
Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].
OR
The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].
===Laboratory Findings===
An elevated/reduced concentration of serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
OR
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].
OR
[Test] is usually normal among patients with [disease name].
OR
Some patients with [disease name] may have elevated/reduced concentration of [test], which is usually suggestive of [progression/complication].
OR
There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with [disease name].
===Electrocardiogram===
There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name].
OR
An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
===X-ray===
There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].
OR
An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound  findings associated with [disease name].
OR
Echocardiography/ultrasound  may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound  findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound  may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
===CT scan===
There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].
OR
[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
===MRI===
There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].
OR
[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
===Other Imaging Findings===
There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].
OR
[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
===Other Diagnostic Studies===
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].
OR
[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
==Treatment==
===Medical Therapy===
There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
OR
Supportive therapy for [disease name] includes [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and [therapy 3].
OR
The majority of cases of [disease name] are self-limited and require only supportive care.
OR
[Disease name] is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment.
OR
The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is [therapy].
OR
 
The optimal therapy for [malignancy name] depends on the stage at diagnosis.
OR
[Therapy] is recommended among all patients who develop [disease name].
OR
Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with [disease subclass 1], [disease subclass 2], and [disease subclass 3].
OR
Pharmacologic medical therapies for [disease name] include (either) [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and/or [therapy 3].
OR
Empiric therapy for [disease name] depends on [disease factor 1] and [disease factor 2].
OR
Patients with [disease subclass 1] are treated with [therapy 1], whereas patients with [disease subclass 2] are treated with [therapy 2].
===Surgery===
Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of [disease name].
OR
Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with [disease name]. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and [indication 3]
OR
The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and/or [indication 3].
OR
The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of [malignancy] at diagnosis.
OR
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for [disease or malignancy].
===Primary Prevention===
There are no established measures for the primary prevention of [disease name].
OR
There are no available vaccines against [disease name].
OR
Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].
OR


[Vaccine name] vaccine is recommended for [patient population] to prevent [disease name]. Other primary prevention strategies include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].


===Secondary Prevention===
==History and Symptoms==
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name].
Neutrophilia as a result of COVID-19 can present with different symptoms. People with COVID-19 have had a wide range of symptoms reported – ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness. Symptoms may appear 2-14 days after exposure to the [[Coronavirus|virus]]. People with these symptoms may have COVID-19:<ref name="urlSymptoms of Coronavirus | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html |title=Symptoms of Coronavirus &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*[[Fever]] or [[chills]]
*[[Cough]]
*Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
*[[Fatigue]]
*[[Muscle]] or [[body aches]]
*[[Headache]]
*New loss of taste or smell
*Sore throat
*[[Congestion]] or [[runny nose]]
*[[Nausea]] or [[vomiting]]
*[[Diarrhea]]


OR
==Neutrophilia as an indicator for severe disease==


Effective measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name] include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].


==References==
==References==  
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


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Revision as of 15:33, 30 June 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Oluwabusola Fausat Adogba, MD

Synonyms and keywords:

Overview

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been considered as a global pandemic since its first emergence in Wuhan,China.On March 12, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic.There is no established system for the classification regarding COVID-19 related lymphopenia. four hypothetical mechanism regarding lymphopenia are : Direct infection of Lymphocyt, direct destroying of lymphocytic organs, inflamatory cytokins such as TNFɑ, IL-6,Lymphocyte inhibition,

Historical Perspective

  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been considered as a global pandemic since its first emergence in Wuhan,China.[1]
  • On March 12, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic.
  • Since the first descriptive study lymphocyte count has been a marker of interest.[2]

Classification

There is no established system for the classification regarding COVID-19 related neutrophilia.

Causes

Differentiating COVID-19 related Neutrophilia from other Diseases

COVID-19 related Neutrophilia starts acutely in the course of the disease, with other manifestations of the disease.


Epidemiology and Demographics

  • The incidence of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as of June 28, 2020 is approximately 9,843,073 cases worldwide with 495,760 deaths.[3]
  • Patients of all age groups may develop COVID-19. However, the elderly population and immunocompromised individuals are more likely to develop severe cases of COVID-19.

Risk Factors

People of any age with certain underlying medical conditions are at increased risk for severe illness from COVID-19. These medical conditions include:[4]

Screening

  • COVID-19 related Neutrophilia cannot be prevented.
  • The Centers for Disease Control CDC has developed a laboratory test to help estimate how many people in the United States have been infected with SARS-CoV-2. [5]
  • This is known as the serology test, and many commercial laboratories call it an antibody test.
  • CDC is using this serologic (antibody) test to evaluate the performance of commercial antibody tests. CDC will develop guidance for the use of antibody tests in clinical and public health settings.
  • An antibody test looks for the presence of antibodies, which are specific proteins made in response to infections. Antibodies are detected in the blood of people who are tested after infection; they show an immune response to the infection.
  • Antibody test results are especially important for detecting previous infections in people who had few or no symptoms.

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis


Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Neutrophilia as a result of COVID-19 can present with different symptoms. People with COVID-19 have had a wide range of symptoms reported – ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness. Symptoms may appear 2-14 days after exposure to the virus. People with these symptoms may have COVID-19:[6]

Neutrophilia as an indicator for severe disease

References

  1. ↑ "WHO Western Pacific | World Health Organization".
  2. ↑ Ruan, Qiurong; Yang, Kun; Wang, Wenxia; Jiang, Lingyu; Song, Jianxin (2020). "Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China". Intensive Care Medicine. 46 (5): 846–848. doi:10.1007/s00134-020-05991-x. ISSN 0342-4642.
  3. ↑ "WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard | WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard".
  4. ↑ "People Who Are at Higher Risk for Severe Illness | Coronavirus | COVID-19 | CDC".
  5. ↑ "Overview of Testing for SARS-CoV-2 | CDC".
  6. ↑ "Symptoms of Coronavirus | CDC".


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