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| Line 8: |
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| ==Causes== | | ==Causes== |
| The cause of brain stem gliomas has not been identified. | | The cause of brain stem gliomas has not been identified. |
| {|
| |
| |- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
| |
| ! rowspan="2" |<small>Diseases</small>
| |
| | colspan="5" |<small>'''Symptoms'''
| |
| ! colspan="4" |<small>Physical Examination</small>
| |
| ! colspan="3" |<small>Diagnostic tests</small>
| |
| ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |<small>Past medical history</small>
| |
| ! rowspan="2" |<small>Other Findings</small>
| |
| |- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
| |
| !<small>Hematuria</small>
| |
| !<small>Pyuria</small>
| |
| !<small>Frequency</small>
| |
| !<small>Urgency</small>
| |
| !<small>Dysuria</small>
| |
| !<small>Fever</small>
| |
| !<small>Tenderness</small>
| |
| !<small>Discharge</small>
| |
| !<small>Inguinal Lymphadenopathy</small>
| |
| !<small>Urinalysis</small>
| |
| !<small>Urine Culture</small>
| |
| !<small>Gold Standard
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="15" |'''Differentiating amongst different types of urinary tract infections:'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pyelonephritis|'''Pyelonephritis''']]
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | [[Flank pain|Flank]] or [[costovertebral angle]]
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| |
| | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| |
| *[[Leukocytes]]
| |
| *[[Nitrite test|Nitrite]] +ve
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | Identifies causative [[bacteria]]
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | [[Urine culture]]
| |
| | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| |
| * History of [[pyelonephritis]]
| |
| * Recent history of [[hospitalisation]]
| |
| * [[Nephrolithiasis]]
| |
| * [[Immunosupression]]
| |
| | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| |
| * [[Flank pain|Costovertebral angle tenderness]]
| |
| * Patient is in acute distress
| |
| * Look for obstructive causes
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | [[Cystitis|'''Cystitis''']]
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | Suprapubic
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| |
| | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| |
| *[[Nitrite test|Nitrite]] +ve
| |
| *[[Leukocyte esterase]] +ve
| |
| *[[White blood cells|WBCs]]
| |
| *[[RBCs]]
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | >100,000CFU/mL
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | [[Urine culture]]
| |
| | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| |
| *Recent catheterisation
| |
| *[[Pregnancy]]
| |
| *Recent intercourse
| |
| *[[Diabetes]]
| |
| *Personal or [[family history]] of [[UTI]]
| |
| *Known abnormality of the [[urinary tract]]
| |
| *[[BPH]]
| |
| *[[HIV]]
| |
| | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| |
| * Imaging studies help differentiate the various types
| |
| * May accompany [[back pain]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], and [[chills]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Urethritis|'''Urethritis''']]
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | [[Urethral discharge]]
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| |
| | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| |
| *Positive [[leukocyte esterase]] test or >10 [[White blood cells|WBCs]]
| |
| *Mucous threads in the morning [[urine]]
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | [[Gram stain]] & mucoid or [[purulent]] [[discharge]]
| |
| | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| |
| * Prior [[STD]]s
| |
| * [[Urinary tract infection|Urinary tract infections]]
| |
| * New sexual partner
| |
| * Recent intercourse
| |
| * Recent [[catheterization]]
| |
| | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| |
| *[[Purulent]] [[discharge]] may suggest [[gonorrhoea]]
| |
| *Exclusive [[dysuria]] suggest [[Chlamydia]]
| |
| *Painful genital [[ulcers]] with [[dysuria]] suggest [[HSV]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Prostatitis|'''Prostatitis''']]
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
| |
| | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| |
| *10–20 [[leukocytes]] for acute and chronic [[bacterial]] subtypes
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | Identifies causative [[bacteria]] (in [[bacterial]] subtypes)
| |
| | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | [[Urine culture]]
| |
| | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| |
| * [[Urogenital]] disorders
| |
| * Recent [[catheterization]] or other [[genitourinary]] instrumentation
| |
| * History of [[UTI|UTIs]]
| |
| | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| |
| *[[Tenderness|Tender]] and [[enlarged prostate]] in [[acute prostatitis]]<sup>[[Prostatitis physical examination|[1][3]]]</sup>
| |
| *Tender and soft (boggy) [[prostate]] in chronic [[prostatitis]]<sup>[[Prostatitis physical examination|[1]]]</sup>
| |
| * A [[prostate massage]] should never be done in a patient with suspected [[acute prostatitis]], since it may induce [[sepsis]].
| |
| |-
| |
| |- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
| |
| ! rowspan="2" |<small>Diseases</small>
| |
| | colspan="5" |<small>'''Symptoms'''
| |
| ! colspan="4" |<small>Physical Examination</small>
| |
| ! colspan="3" |<small>Diagnostic tests</small>
| |
| ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |<small>Past medical history</small>
| |
| ! rowspan="2" |<small>Other Findings</small>
| |
| |- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
| |
| !<small>Hematuria</small>
| |
| !<small>Pyuria</small>
| |
| !<small>Frequency</small>
| |
| !<small>Urgency</small>
| |
| !<small>Dysuria</small>
| |
| !<small>Fever</small>
| |
| !<small>Tenderness</small>
| |
| !<small>Discharge</small>
| |
| !<small>Inguinal Lymphadenopathy</small>
| |
| !<small>Urinalysis</small>
| |
| !<small>Urine Culture</small>
| |
| !<small>Gold Standard
| |
| |-
| |
|
| |
|
| ==References== | | ==References== |