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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Bladder cancer}}
{{Bladder cancer}}
{{SCC}}
{{CMG}} {{SCC}}; {{AE}} {{F.K}} {{SC}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
==Risk Factors==
Common risk factors in the development of bladder cancer are smoking, occupational exposure to chemicals, chronic bladder irritation, [[chemotherapy]], [[radiation therapy]], [[arsenic]], personal history of cancer in the [[urinary tract]], [[congenital]] bladder anomalies, and aristolochic acids.
 
==Common Risk Factors==
*Common risk factors in the development of bladder cancer include:<ref name="pmid17455864">{{cite journal |vauthors=Janković S, Radosavljević V |title=Risk factors for bladder cancer |journal=Tumori |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=4–12 |date=2007 |pmid=17455864 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22759493">{{cite journal |vauthors=Letašiová S, Medve'ová A, Šovčíková A, Dušinská M, Volkovová K, Mosoiu C, Bartonová A |title=Bladder cancer, a review of the environmental risk factors |journal=Environ Health |volume=11 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S11 |date=June 2012 |pmid=22759493 |pmc=3388449 |doi=10.1186/1476-069X-11-S1-S11 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15554606">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ugnat AM, Luo W, Semenciw R, Mao Y |title=Occupational exposure to chemical and petrochemical industries and bladder cancer risk in four western Canadian provinces |journal=Chronic Dis Can |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=7–15 |date=2004 |pmid=15554606 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24711904">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bhatt VR, Loberiza FR, Tandra P, Krishnamurthy J, Shrestha R, Wang J |title=Risk factors, therapy and survival outcomes of small cell and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of urinary bladder |journal=Rare Tumors |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=5043 |date=January 2014 |pmid=24711904 |pmc=3977167 |doi=10.4081/rt.2014.5043 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25429525">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vermeulen SH, Hanum N, Grotenhuis AJ, Castaño-Vinyals G, van der Heijden AG, Aben KK, Mysorekar IU, Kiemeney LA |title=Recurrent urinary tract infection and risk of bladder cancer in the Nijmegen bladder cancer study |journal=Br. J. Cancer |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=594–600 |date=February 2015 |pmid=25429525 |pmc=4453642 |doi=10.1038/bjc.2014.601 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14992333">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hess MJ, Zhan EH, Foo DK, Yalla SV |title=Bladder cancer in patients with spinal cord injury |journal=J Spinal Cord Med |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=335–8 |date=2003 |pmid=14992333 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** Smoking
** Occupational exposure to chemicals
*** Textiles
*** Rubber
*** Paint
***Leather
***Dye
***Print
***Metal
***Machining
***Plastics
*** [[Arsenic]]
***Aristolochic acids
**Chronic bladder irritation
**Chronic [[urinary tract infection]]
** [[Bladder stones]]
** ''[[Schistosoma haematobium]]''
** Trauma
** [[Chemotherapy]]
*** [[Cyclophosphamide]]
***[[Ifosfamide]]
** [[Radiation therapy]]
** Personal history of cancer in the [[urinary tract]]
** [[Congenital]] bladder anomalies
*** [[Urachus]]
*** Exstrophy
 
==Less Common Risk Factors==
*Less common risk factors in the development of bladder cancer include:<ref name="pmid21927616">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gu J, Wu X |title=Genetic susceptibility to bladder cancer risk and outcome |journal=Per Med |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=365–374 |date=May 2011 |pmid=21927616 |pmc=3172962 |doi=10.2217/PME.11.15 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27352265">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang X, Zhang Y |title=Bladder Cancer and Genetic Mutations |journal=Cell Biochem. Biophys. |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=65–9 |date=September 2015 |pmid=27352265 |doi=10.1007/s12013-015-0574-z |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17634245">{{cite journal |vauthors=Castaño-Vinyals G, Cantor KP, Malats N, Tardon A, Garcia-Closas R, Serra C, Carrato A, Rothman N, Vermeulen R, Silverman D, Dosemeci M, Kogevinas M |title=Air pollution and risk of urinary bladder cancer in a case-control study in Spain |journal=Occup Environ Med |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=56–60 |date=January 2008 |pmid=17634245 |doi=10.1136/oem.2007.034348 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17692123">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fortuny J, Kogevinas M, Zens MS, Schned A, Andrew AS, Heaney J, Kelsey KT, Karagas MR |title=Analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug use and risk of bladder cancer: a population based case control study |journal=BMC Urol |volume=7 |issue= |pages=13 |date=August 2007 |pmid=17692123 |pmc=2018698 |doi=10.1186/1471-2490-7-13 |url=}}</ref>
** [[Chlorine]] by-products
** [[Genetics]]
*** [[HRAS]] mutation
*** [[Retinoblastoma protein|Rb1]] mutation
*** [[PTEN]]/MMAC1 mutation
*** NAT2 slow acetylator phenotype
*** GSTM1 null phenotype
** Overuse of [[analgesics]]
** Outdoor air pollution


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Urology]]
[[Category:Urology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]

Latest revision as of 13:58, 9 May 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D.; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Farima Kahe M.D. [2] Shanshan Cen, M.D. [3]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of bladder cancer are smoking, occupational exposure to chemicals, chronic bladder irritation, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, arsenic, personal history of cancer in the urinary tract, congenital bladder anomalies, and aristolochic acids.

Common Risk Factors

Less Common Risk Factors

  • Less common risk factors in the development of bladder cancer include:[7][8][9][10]

References

  1. ↑ Janković S, Radosavljević V (2007). "Risk factors for bladder cancer". Tumori. 93 (1): 4–12. PMID 17455864.
  2. ↑ Letašiová S, Medve'ová A, Šovčíková A, Dušinská M, Volkovová K, Mosoiu C, Bartonová A (June 2012). "Bladder cancer, a review of the environmental risk factors". Environ Health. 11 Suppl 1: S11. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-11-S1-S11. PMC 3388449. PMID 22759493.
  3. ↑ Ugnat AM, Luo W, Semenciw R, Mao Y (2004). "Occupational exposure to chemical and petrochemical industries and bladder cancer risk in four western Canadian provinces". Chronic Dis Can. 25 (2): 7–15. PMID 15554606.
  4. ↑ Bhatt VR, Loberiza FR, Tandra P, Krishnamurthy J, Shrestha R, Wang J (January 2014). "Risk factors, therapy and survival outcomes of small cell and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of urinary bladder". Rare Tumors. 6 (1): 5043. doi:10.4081/rt.2014.5043. PMC 3977167. PMID 24711904.
  5. ↑ Vermeulen SH, Hanum N, Grotenhuis AJ, Castaño-Vinyals G, van der Heijden AG, Aben KK, Mysorekar IU, Kiemeney LA (February 2015). "Recurrent urinary tract infection and risk of bladder cancer in the Nijmegen bladder cancer study". Br. J. Cancer. 112 (3): 594–600. doi:10.1038/bjc.2014.601. PMC 4453642. PMID 25429525.
  6. ↑ Hess MJ, Zhan EH, Foo DK, Yalla SV (2003). "Bladder cancer in patients with spinal cord injury". J Spinal Cord Med. 26 (4): 335–8. PMID 14992333.
  7. ↑ Gu J, Wu X (May 2011). "Genetic susceptibility to bladder cancer risk and outcome". Per Med. 8 (3): 365–374. doi:10.2217/PME.11.15. PMC 3172962. PMID 21927616.
  8. ↑ Zhang X, Zhang Y (September 2015). "Bladder Cancer and Genetic Mutations". Cell Biochem. Biophys. 73 (1): 65–9. doi:10.1007/s12013-015-0574-z. PMID 27352265.
  9. ↑ Castaño-Vinyals G, Cantor KP, Malats N, Tardon A, Garcia-Closas R, Serra C, Carrato A, Rothman N, Vermeulen R, Silverman D, Dosemeci M, Kogevinas M (January 2008). "Air pollution and risk of urinary bladder cancer in a case-control study in Spain". Occup Environ Med. 65 (1): 56–60. doi:10.1136/oem.2007.034348. PMID 17634245.
  10. ↑ Fortuny J, Kogevinas M, Zens MS, Schned A, Andrew AS, Heaney J, Kelsey KT, Karagas MR (August 2007). "Analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug use and risk of bladder cancer: a population based case control study". BMC Urol. 7: 13. doi:10.1186/1471-2490-7-13. PMC 2018698. PMID 17692123.

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