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| {{SCC}} | | {{SCC}} |
| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| 90% of bladder cancer are [[Transitional cell carcinoma]]s (TCC) that arise from the inner lining of the bladder called the[[urothelium]]. The other 10% of tumours are [[squamous cell carcinoma]], [[adenocarcinoma]], [[sarcoma]], [[small cell carcinoma]]and secondary deposits from cancers elsewhere in the body.
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| ==Classification== | | ==Classification== |
| ===Pathological Classification===
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| These tumors are classified based on the way they grow:
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| * Papillary tumors have a wart-like appearance and are attached to a stalk.
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| * Nonpapillary (sessile) tumors are much less common. However, they are more invasive and have a worse outcome.
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| TCCs are often multifocal, with 30-40% of patients having a more than one tumour at diagnosis. The pattern of growth of TCCs can be papillary, sessile (flat) or carcinoma-in-situ (CIS).
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| The 1973 [[WHO]] grading system for TCCs (papilloma, G1, G2 or G3) is most commonly used despite being superseded by the 2004 WHO<ref>Sauter G, Algaba F, Amin MB, Busch C, Cheville J,
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| Gasser T, Grignon D, Hofstaedter F, Lopez-Beltran
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| A, Epstein JI. Noninvasive urothelial neoplasias:
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| WHO classification of noninvasive papillary
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| urothelial tumors. In [[World Health Organization]]
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| classification of tumors. Pathology and genetics of
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| tumors of the urinary system and male genital organs.
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| Eble JN, Epstein JI, Sesterhenn I (eds): Lyon,
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| IARCC Press, p. 110, 2004 </ref> grading (papillary [[neoplasm]] of low malignant potential (PNLMP), low grade and high grade papillary carcinoma.
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| CIS invariably consists of cytologically high grade tumour cells.
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| Bladder TCC is staged according to the 1997 [[TNM]] system:
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| *Ta Non-invasive papillary tumour
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| *T1 Invasive but not as far as the muscular bladder layer
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| *T2 Invasive into the muscular layer
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| *T3 Invasive beyond the muscle into the fat outside the bladder
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| *T4 Invasive into surrounding structures like the [[prostate]], [[uterus]] or pelvic wall
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| ==References== | | ==References== |