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{{Aspergillosis}}
{{Aspergillosis}}
{{About0|Aspergillosis}}
{{Taxobox
| color = lightblue
| name = ''Aspergillus''
| image = Aspergillus niger 01.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = [[Conidium|Conidial]] head of ''Aspergillus niger''
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| phylum = [[Ascomycota]]
| classis = [[Eurotiomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Eurotiales]]
| familia = [[Trichocomaceae]]
| genus = '''''Aspergillus'''''
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
about 200, including:<br/>
''Aspergillus caesiellus''<br/>
''Aspergillus candidus''<br/>
''Aspergillus carneus''<br/>
''[[Aspergillus clavatus]]''<br/>
''Aspergillus deflectus''<br/>
''[[Aspergillus flavus]]''<br/>
''[[Aspergillus fumigatus]]''<br/>
''Aspergillus glaucus''<br/>
''[[Aspergillus nidulans]]''<br/>
''[[Aspergillus niger]]''<br/>
''Aspergillus ochraceus''<br/>
''[[Aspergillus oryzae]]''<br/>
''[[Aspergillus parasiticus]]''<br/>
''Aspergillus penicilloides''<br/>
''Aspergillus restrictus''<br/>
''Aspergillus sojae''<br/>
''Aspergillus sydowi''<br/>
''Aspergillus tamari''<br/>
''[[Aspergillus terreus]]''<br/>
''Aspergillus ustus''<br/>
''Aspergillus versicolor''<br/>
}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{YD}}; {{HL}}; {{SSK}}


{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}; [[User:Ujjwal Rastogi|Ujjwal Rastogi, MBBS]] [mailto:urastogi@perfuse.org]
==Overview==
Aspergillosis is caused by the fungus ''Aspergillus'', commonly ''A. fumigatus''. ''Aspergillus'' is ubiquitous in the environment.


==Overview==
==Causes==
==Causes==
===Common Causes===
Aspergillosis is caused by the fungus ''Aspergillus'':
Aspergillus is common in the environment, so most people breathe in the fungal spores every day. It is probably impossible to completely avoid breathing in some Aspergillus spores. For people with healthy immune systems, this does not cause harm, and the immune system is able to get rid of the spores. But for people with weakened immune systems, breathing in Aspergillus spores can lead to infection. Studies have shown that invasive aspergillosis can occur during building renovation or construction. Outbreaks of Aspergillus skin infections have been traced to contaminated biomedical devices. Aspergillosis cannot be spread from person to person or between people and animals.
Common ''Aspergillus'' species involved in human disease include the following:
*''[[Aspergillus fumigatus|A. fumigatus]]'' (most common)
*''[[Aspergillus flavus|A. flavus]]''
*''[[Apergillus clavatus|A. clavatus]]''
*''[[Aspergillus parasiticus|A. parasiticus]]''
*''[[Aspergillus oryzae|A. oryzae]]''
*''[[Aspergillus terreus|A. terreus]]''
*''[[Aspergillus nidulans|A. nidulans]]''
*''[[Aspergillus niger|A. niger]]''
 
==Taxonomy==
Eukaryota; Fungi/Metazoa group; Fungi; Ascomycota; Pezizomycotina; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiales; Trichocomaceae; mitosporic Trichomaceae
 
==Reservoir==
*''Aspergillus'' is ubiquitous in the environment.
*''Aspergillus'' can be found in soil, decomposing plant matter, household dust, building materials, plants, food, and water.
 
==Transmission==
*Transmission occurs through inhalation of airborne conidia.
*Hospital-acquired infections may be sporadic or may be associated with dust exposure during building renovation or construction.
*Occasional outbreaks of cutaneous infection have been traced to contaminated biomedical devices.
 
==Incubation Period==
The incubation period for aspergillosis is unclear and likely varies depending on the dose of ''Aspergillus'' and the host immune response.
 
==Associated Diseases==
''Aspergillus'' may cause any of the following clinical syndromes depending on the host immune responses:
*Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
*Allergic ''Aspergillus'' sinusitis
*Aspergilloma
*Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis
*Invasive aspergillosis
*Cutaneous aspergillosis
<br>
To learn how to distinguish between the ''Aspergillus'' clinical syndromes, click [[Aspergillosis classification|'''here''']].
 
==Gallery==
 
<gallery>
 
Image: Aspergillosis01.jpeg| This micrograph reveals a fertilized egg of the round worm Ascaris lumbricoides; Mag. 400X. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
Image: Aspergillosis02.jpeg| Under a relatively low magnification of 30X, this micrograph of a growing colony of Aspergillus alliaceus revealed some of the ultrastructural characteristics including the presence of sclerotia and conidial heads. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
Image: Aspergillosis03.jpeg| This photomicrograph reveals some of the ultrastructural morphology displayed by the fungal organism Aspergillus fumigatus. Of particular importance is the filamentous conidiophore, which ends in a bulbous, spheroid-shaped vesicle. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
Image: Aspergillosis04.jpeg| Under a magnification of 125X, this illustration depicts the ultrastructural details found in the common mold, Aspergillus including the organism’s septate hyphae, conidiophores, which support the apparatus. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
Image: Aspergillosis05.jpeg| This digitally-colorized scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicts numbers of chains of Aspergillus specie fungal conidiospores. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
Image: Aspergillosis06.jpeg| This digitally-colorized scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicts numbers of chains of Aspergillus specie fungal conidiospores. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
 
Image: Aspergillosis07.jpeg| This scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicts numbers of round asexual Aspergillus sp. fungal fruiting bodies situated amongst a patch of the organism’s septate hyphae. Numbers of chains of conidiospores are visible in this view.  <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
Image: Aspergillosis08.jpeg| This scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicts numbers of round asexual Aspergillus sp. fungal fruiting bodies situated amongst a patch of the organism’s septate hyphae. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
Image: Aspergillosis09.jpeg| Magnified 562X this photomicrograph, stained using a fluorescent antibody (FA) staining technique (NOT stained using a “Candida” conjugate) revealed the presence of Aspergillus sp. organisms, in a case of aspergillosis. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
 
Image: Aspergillosis10.jpeg| Magnified 562X this photomicrograph, stained using an “Aspergillus” conjugate fluorescent antibody (FA) staining technique, revealed the presence of Aspergillus sp. organisms, in a case of aspergillosis. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
 
Image: Aspergillosis11.jpeg| This photomicrograph revealed the presence of Aspergillus fumigatus fungal organisms in a brain tissue, methenamine silver-stained specimen harvested from a turkey poult that had contracted this infection. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
 
Image: Aspergillosis12.jpeg| This micrograph depicts the histopathologic features of aspergillosis including the presence of fungal hyphae. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
 
Image: Aspergillosis13.jpeg| This micrograph depicts the histopathologic features of aspergillosis including the presence of conidia-laden conidiophores. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
Image: Aspergillosis14.jpeg| This micrograph depicts the histopathologic features of aspergillosis including the presence of conidial heads.<SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
 
Image: Aspergillosis15.jpeg| Note the histopathologic changes seen in aspergillosis of the lung of a caged parrot using H&E stain, which shows fungal hyphae. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
 
Image: Aspergillosis16.jpeg| Note the histopathologic changes seen in aspergillosis of the lung of a caged parrot using PAS stain, which shows fungal hyphae. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
 
Image: Aspergillosis17.jpeg| This was a case of pulmonary aspergillosis found in a caged sulfur-crested cockatoo due to Aspergillosis fumigatus. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
 
Image: Aspergillosis18.jpeg| This photomicrograph depicts the appearance of a “rough” conidiophore of the fungus Aspergillus flavus. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>


Image: Aspergillosis19.jpeg| This photomicrograph depicts the appearance of a conidiophore of the fungus Aspergillus flavus. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>


Aspergillosis is caused by a fungus (''Aspergillus''), which is commonly found growing on dead leaves, stored grain, compost piles, or in other decaying vegetation. It can also be found on marijuana leaves.
Image: Aspergillosis20.jpeg| This photomicrograph depicts the appearance of a conidiophore of the fungus Aspergillus flavus. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>


Although most people are often exposed to ''aspergillus'', infections caused by the fungus rarely occur in people who have a normal immune system. The rare infections caused by aspergillus include pneumonia and fungus ball (aspergilloma).There are several forms of aspergillosis:
Image: Aspergillosis21.jpeg| Note the aspergillosis associated histopathologic changes in this turkey poult brain tissue due to Aspergillus fumigatus. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>


* Pulmonary aspergillosis - allergic bronchopulmonary type is an allergic reaction to the fungus that usually develops in people who already have lung problems (such as asthma or cystic fibrosis).
Image: Aspergillosis22.jpeg| This photomicrograph reveals a conidiophore filament of the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
* [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000127.htm Aspergilloma] is a growth (fungus ball) that develops in an area of past lung disease or lung scarring (such as [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000077.htm tuberculosis] or[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000121.htm lung abscess]).
 
* Pulmonary aspergillosis - invasive type is a serious infection with pneumonia that can spread to other parts of the body. This infection almost always occurs in people with a weakened immune system due to cancer, AIDS, leukemia, an organ transplant, chemotherapy, or other conditions or medications that lower the number of normal white blood cells or weaken the immune system.
Image: Aspergillosis23.jpeg| Conidial head of an Aspergillus niger fungal organism showing a double row of sterigmata. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
Image: Aspergillosis24.jpeg| Conidial head of an Aspergillus niger fungal organism showing a double row of sterigmata. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
Image: Aspergillosis29.jpeg| This scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicts numbers of chains of Aspergillus specie fungal conidiospores. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
 
 
</gallery>


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Fungal diseases]]
[[Category:Fungal diseases]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[de:Aspergillose]]
[[fr:Aspergillose]]
[[hr:Aspergiloza]]
[[nl:Aspergillose]]
[[pl:Aspergiloza]]
[[pt:Aspergilose]]
[[uk:Аспергільоз]]
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Latest revision as of 17:01, 18 September 2017

Aspergillosis Microchapters

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This page is about microbiologic aspects of the organism(s).  For clinical aspects of the disease, see Aspergillosis.
Aspergillus
Conidial head of Aspergillus niger
Conidial head of Aspergillus niger
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Class: Eurotiomycetes
Order: Eurotiales
Family: Trichocomaceae
Genus: Aspergillus
Species

about 200, including:
Aspergillus caesiellus
Aspergillus candidus
Aspergillus carneus
Aspergillus clavatus
Aspergillus deflectus
Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus fumigatus
Aspergillus glaucus
Aspergillus nidulans
Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus ochraceus
Aspergillus oryzae
Aspergillus parasiticus
Aspergillus penicilloides
Aspergillus restrictus
Aspergillus sojae
Aspergillus sydowi
Aspergillus tamari
Aspergillus terreus
Aspergillus ustus
Aspergillus versicolor

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yazan Daaboul, M.D.; Haytham Allaham, M.D. [2]; Serge Korjian M.D.

Overview

Aspergillosis is caused by the fungus Aspergillus, commonly A. fumigatus. Aspergillus is ubiquitous in the environment.

Causes

Aspergillosis is caused by the fungus Aspergillus: Common Aspergillus species involved in human disease include the following:

Taxonomy

Eukaryota; Fungi/Metazoa group; Fungi; Ascomycota; Pezizomycotina; Eurotiomycetes; Eurotiales; Trichocomaceae; mitosporic Trichomaceae

Reservoir

  • Aspergillus is ubiquitous in the environment.
  • Aspergillus can be found in soil, decomposing plant matter, household dust, building materials, plants, food, and water.

Transmission

  • Transmission occurs through inhalation of airborne conidia.
  • Hospital-acquired infections may be sporadic or may be associated with dust exposure during building renovation or construction.
  • Occasional outbreaks of cutaneous infection have been traced to contaminated biomedical devices.

Incubation Period

The incubation period for aspergillosis is unclear and likely varies depending on the dose of Aspergillus and the host immune response.

Associated Diseases

Aspergillus may cause any of the following clinical syndromes depending on the host immune responses:

  • Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
  • Allergic Aspergillus sinusitis
  • Aspergilloma
  • Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis
  • Invasive aspergillosis
  • Cutaneous aspergillosis


To learn how to distinguish between the Aspergillus clinical syndromes, click here.

Gallery

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 "Public Health Image Library (PHIL)".

Template:Mycoses

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