Antiphospholipid syndrome causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Feham Tariq, MD [2]

Overview

Antiphospholipid syndrome can occur idiopathic or due to autoimmune diseases, certain drugs, infections and malignancies.

Causes

Antiphospholipid syndrome can occur idiopathic or due to autoimmune diseases, certain drugs, infections and malignancies.

The causes of secondary antiphospholipid syndrome are as follows:

Autoimmune diseases Infections Drugs Malignancy
  • Systemic lupus erythmatosus(SLE)
Bacterial infections:
  • Leptospirosis[1][2]
  • Syphilis
  • Lymes disease
  • Tuberculosis[3]
  • Leprosy
  • Infective endocarditis
  • Post-Streptococcal rheumatic fever
  • Klebsiella infection

Viral infections:

  • Hepatitis A,B and C
  • HIV
  • Ebstein Barr virus
  • Adenovirus
  • Rubella
  • Parvovirus
  • Cytomegalovirus
  • Varicella Zoster virus

Parasitic infections:

  • Visceral leischmaniasis
  • Pneumocysitis jirovecci
  • Malaria
  • Chlorpromazine
  • Procainamide
  • Hydralazine
  • Quinidine
  • Quinine
  • Phenytoin
  • Alpha interferon
  • Oral contraceptives
  • Amoxicillin
  • Chlorothiazide
  • Propanolol
Tumors of the following organs can cause APS:
  • Lung
  • Colon
  • Breast
  • Cervix
  • Ovary

Cancers:

  • Hodgkins lymphoma
  • Non-hodgkins lymphoma
  • Myeloid leukemia
  • Lymphocytic leukemia
  • Primary myelofibrosis
  • Polycythemia vera

References

  1. McNeil HP, Chesterman CN, Krilis SA (1991). "Immunology and clinical importance of antiphospholipid antibodies". Adv Immunol. 49: 193–280. PMID 1853785.
  2. Safa O, Crippa L, Della Valle P, Sabbadini MG, Viganò D'Angelo S, D'Angelo A (1999). "IgG reactivity to phospholipid-bound beta(2)-glycoprotein I is the main determinant of the fraction of lupus anticoagulant activity quenched by addition of hexagonal (II) phase phospholipid in patients with the clinical suspicion of antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome". Haematologica. 84 (9): 829–38. PMID 10477458.
  3. Triplett DA (1998). "Many faces of lupus anticoagulants". Lupus. 7 Suppl 2: S18–22. PMID 9814666.