Ancylostomiasis: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox_Disease |
  Name          = Ancylostomiasis |
  Image          = |
  Caption        = |
  DiseasesDB    = 34500|
  ICD10          = {{ICD10|K|29|0|k|20}}-K29.7 |
  ICD9          = {{ICD9|535.0}}-535.5 |
  ICDO          = |
  OMIM          = |
  MedlinePlus    = |
  MeshID        = |
}}
{{Ancylostomiasis}}
{{Ancylostomiasis}}


'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Kalpana Giri}}
 
{{CMG}}


==[[Ancylostomiasis overview|Overview]]==
==[[Ancylostomiasis overview|Overview]]==
Line 45: Line 30:
==Case Studies==
==Case Studies==
[[Ancylostomiasis case study one|Case#1]]
[[Ancylostomiasis case study one|Case#1]]
==Related Chapters==
==Signs and symptoms==
In children (or adults) who walk barefoot, the hookworm can penetrate the sole
of the foot and cause a lesion. The larva will then begin to mature while it
moves towards the intestines. As in dogs, the hookworm will attach to the
intestinal wall. Humans who have become infected will show symptoms of
intestinal bleeding, abdominal pains, anemia, severe diarrhea and malnutrition.
<ref> {{cite web | url=http://www.essortment.com/all/hookwormdogshu_rdhu.htm |
title=Hookworms in dogs and humans | accessdate=2008-10-30 }} </ref>
As mentioned earlier larval migrans or as it is also known, creeping eruption,
is also a very uncomfortable symptom of this disease, and can also be caused
by invasion of hookworms from other animals such as cats and dogs. Because
they are in an abnormal host they do not mature to adults but instead migrate
through the skin until killed by the host's inflammatory response. This causes
local intense itching. Topical treatment with thiabendazole ointment is very
effective in controlling this condition.
==Causes==
The infection is usually contracted by persons walking barefoot over
contaminated soil. In penetrating the skin, the larvae may cause an allergic
reaction. It is from the itchy patch at the site of entry that the early
infection gets its nickname "ground itch". Once larvae have broken through the skin,
they enter the bloodstream and are carried to the lungs (unlike ascarids,
however, hookworms do not usually cause pneumonia). The larvae migrate from
the lungs up the windpipe to be swallowed and carried back down to the
intestine. If humans come into contact with larvae of the dog hookworm or the
cat hookworm, or of certain other hookworms that do not infect humans, the
larvae may penetrate the skin. Sometimes, the larvae are unable to complete their
migratory cycle in humans. Instead, the larvae migrate just below the skin
producing snake-like markings. This is referred to as a creeping eruption or
cutaneous larva migrans.
<ref> {{cite web |
url=http://www.comeunity.com/adoption/health/parasites/hookworm-NIH.html |
title=Hookworm | accessdate=2008-10-30 }} </ref>
==Diagnosis==
They commonly infect the skin, eyes, and viscera in humans.
* [[Ancylostoma brasiliensis]] causes [[cutaneous larva migrans]].
* [[Toxocara]] causes [[visceral larva migrans]].<ref> {{cite web | url=http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?larva+migrans | title=Definition: larva migrans | accessdate=2008-10-30 }} </ref>
==Prevention==
Control of this parasite should be directed against reducing the level of
environmental contamination. Treatment of heavily infected individuals is one
way to reduce the source of contamination (one study has estimated that 60% of
the total worm burden resides in less than 10% of the population). Other
obvious methods are to improve access to [[sanitation]], e.g. [[toilets]], but also
convincing people to maintaining them in a clean, functional state, thereby making
them conducive to use.
== Epidemiology ==
Hookworms still account for high proportion of
debilitating disease in the tropics and 50-60,000 deaths per year can be
attributed to this disease.
<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.earthtym.net/ref-hookworms.htm |
title=Hookworms: Ancylostoma spp. and Necator spp. |
accessdate=2008-10-30| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081027170740/http://www.earthtym.net/ref-hookworms.htm| archivedate= 27 October 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
==Treatment==
The drug of choice for the treatment of hookworm disease is [[mebendazole]] which
is effective against both species, and in addition, will remove the intestinal
worm Ascaris also, if present. The drug is very efficient, requiring only a
single dose and is inexpensive, the perfect drug. However, treatment requires
more than giving the anthelmintic, the patient should also receive dietary
supplements to improve their general level of health, in particular iron
supplementation is very important. Iron is an important constituent of a
multitude of enzyme systems involved in energy metabolism, DNA synthesis and
drug detoxification.
An infection of ''N. americanus'' parasites can be treated by using [[Imidazole|benzimidazoles]], [[albendazole]], and [[mebendazole]]. A blood transfusion may be necessary in severe cases of anemia. Light infections are usually left untreated in areas where reinfection is common. Iron supplements and a diet high in protein will speed the recovery process.<ref>"hookworm disease." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 06 Dec. 2009 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/271350/hookworm-disease>.</ref>  In a case study involving 56-60 men with ''[[Trichuris trichiura]]'' and/or ''N. americanus'' infections, both albendazole and mebendazole were 90% effective in curing ''T. trichiura''.  However, albendazole had a 95% cure rate for ''N. americanus'', while mebendazole only had a 21% cure rate.  This suggests albendazole is most effective for treating both ''T. trichiura'' and ''N. americanus''.<ref> Holzer, B. R.; and Frey, F. J. (February 1987). "Differential efficacy of mebendazole and albendazole against Necator americanus but not for Trichuris trichiura infestations". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 32 (6): 635-637. http://www.springerlink.com/content/k000065915k70257/</ref>
==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image: Hookworm07.jpeg| Unstained micrograph of the Ancylostoma duodenale hookworm's mouth parts; Mag. 125X. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
Image: Hookworm05.jpeg| This enlargement shows hookworms, Ancylostoma caninum attached to the intestinal mucosa. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
Image: Hookworm04.jpeg| Micrograph depicting the tail tip of a Strongyloides filariform infective stage larvae on the left, and a hookworm on the right. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
Image: Hookworm03.jpeg| This micrograph depicts a hookworm (Lt), and a Strongyloides (Rt) filariform infective stage larvae. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
Image: Hookworm01.jpeg| This child with hookworm shows visible signs of edema, and was diagnosed with anemia as well. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
Image: Hookworm06.jpeg| The human hookworms include two nematode (roundworm) species, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL> 
Image: Hookworm02.jpeg| Diagram depicting the various stages in the life cycle of the Strongyloides stercoralis nematode. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL> 
</gallery>
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Parasitic diseases]]
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 20:45, 30 August 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Kalpana Giri, MBBS[2]

Overview

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Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Ancylostomiasis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

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Case#1