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{{Adult T-cell leukemia}}
{{Adult T-cell leukemia}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{HL}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{HL}}; {{GRR}} {{Nat}}
 
==Overview==
==Overview==
The majority of adult T-cell leukemia cases are reported in Japan, the Caribbean, South America, and Africa. In southern Japan, the age-adjusted [[incidence]] rate of adult T-cell leukemia is approximately 6.6 per 100,000 individuals. The incidence of adult T-cell leukemia increases with age, and the median age at diagnosis is 57 years. Males are more commonly affected with adult T-cell leukemia than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 1.4 to 1. Adult T-cell leukemia usually affects individuals of the African American, Latin American, and Asian race. Caucasian individuals are less likely to develop adult T-cell leukemia.
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Prevalence===
===Prevalence===
HTLV-1 infection in the United States appears to be rare. Although little serologic data exist, prevalence of infection is thought to be highest among blacks living in the Southeast. A prevalence rate of 30% has been found among black intravenous drug abusers in New Jersey, and a rate of 49% has been found in a similar group in New Orleans. It is possible that prevalence of infection is increasing in this risk group. Studies of HTLV-1 antibody indicate that the virus is endemic in southern Japan, in the Caribbean, and in Africa.
* Human T-Lymphotropic Virus type 1 ([[HTLV]]-1) infects at least 5–10 million people worldwide.<ref name="urlClinical Associations of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Infection in an Indigenous Australian Population">{{cite web |url=http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002643 |title=Clinical Associations of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Infection in an Indigenous Australian Population |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* [[HTLV]]-1 is endemic to Central Australia and infection prevalence in this region ranges from a low of 7200 per 100,000 to a high of 13,900 per 100,000 of socially disadvantaged indigenous adults.<ref name="pmid8316104">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bastian I, Hinuma Y, Doherty RR |title=HTLV-I among Northern Territory aborigines |journal=Med. J. Aust. |volume=159 |issue=1 |pages=12–6 |date=July 1993 |pmid=8316104 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlClinical Associations of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Infection in an Indigenous Australian Population2">{{cite web |url=http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002643#pntd.0002643-Bastian2 |title=Clinical Associations of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Infection in an Indigenous Australian Population |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24047544">{{cite journal |vauthors=Einsiedel L, Cassar O, Bardy P, Kearney D, Gessain A |title=Variant human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1c and adult T-cell leukemia, Australia |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=19 |issue=10 |pages=1639–41 |date=October 2013 |pmid=24047544 |pmc=3810736 |doi=10.3201/eid1910.130105 |url=}}</ref>
* In Australia, [[HTLV]]-1 carriers were first reported among indigenous residents of remote desert communities in 1988.<ref name="pmid2839756">{{cite journal |vauthors=May JT, Stent G, Schnagl RD |title=Antibody to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I in Australian aborigines |journal=Med. J. Aust. |volume=149 |issue=2 |pages=104 |date=July 1988 |pmid=2839756 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Breastfeeding]] is thought to play an important role in transmission of [[HTLV]]-1 in indigenous Australian population.<ref name="pmid240475442">{{cite journal |vauthors=Einsiedel L, Cassar O, Bardy P, Kearney D, Gessain A |title=Variant human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1c and adult T-cell leukemia, Australia |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=19 |issue=10 |pages=1639–41 |date=October 2013 |pmid=24047544 |pmc=3810736 |doi=10.3201/eid1910.130105 |url=}}</ref>
* In the US, adult T-cell leukemia is considered a rare disease that mainly tends to develop among African American intravenous drug abusers.<ref name="pmid20425378">{{cite journal| author=Mahieux R, Gessain A| title=Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and HTLV-1. | journal=Curr Hematol Malig Rep | year= 2007 | volume= 2 | issue= 4 | pages= 257-64 | pmid=20425378 | doi=10.1007/s11899-007-0035-x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20425378  }} </ref>
* The majority of adult T-cell leukemia cases are reported in Japan, the Caribbean, South America, and Africa.
[[Image:HTLV prevalence US.jpg|400px|thumb|left|HTLV-1 prevalence in the North America, source: CDC]]
[[Image:HTLV Central and south america.jpg|400px|thumb|left|HTLV-1 prevalence in the Central and South America, source: CDC]]
[[Image:HTLV Australia and Oceania.jpg|400px|thumb|left|HTLV-1 prevalence in the Australia and Oceania, source: CDC]]
 
<br style="clear:left">
 
===Incidence===
===Incidence===
ATLL is relatively uncommon among those infected with HTLV-1. The overall incidence of ATLL is estimated at about 66 per 100,000 adult HTLV-1 carriers per year.
*  Among [[Human T-lymphotropic virus|HTLV]]-1 carriers in high prevalence regions such as Central Australia, Japan and Carribean, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) will ultimately develop in 1-5% of infected individuals.<ref name="pmid17376384">{{cite journal |vauthors=Verdonck K, González E, Van Dooren S, Vandamme AM, Vanham G, Gotuzzo E |title=Human T-lymphotropic virus 1: recent knowledge about an ancient infection |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=266–81 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17376384 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70081-6 |url=}}</ref>
* In southern Japan, the age-adjusted incidence rate of adult T-cell leukemia is approximately 6.6 per 100,000 individuals.<ref name="pmid25219595">{{cite journal| author=Satake M, Yamada Y, Atogami S, Yamaguchi K| title=The incidence of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma among human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 carriers in Japan. | journal=Leuk Lymphoma | year= 2015 | volume= 56 | issue= 6 | pages= 1806-12 | pmid=25219595 | doi=10.3109/10428194.2014.964700 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25219595  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22973265">{{cite journal| author=Iwanaga M, Watanabe T, Yamaguchi K| title=Adult T-cell leukemia: a review of epidemiological evidence. | journal=Front Microbiol | year= 2012 | volume= 3 | issue=  | pages= 322 | pmid=22973265 | doi=10.3389/fmicb.2012.00322 | pmc=PMC3437524 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22973265  }} </ref><ref name="wiki">Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Wikipedia (2015) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_T-cell_leukemia/lymphoma Accessed on November, 3 2015</ref>
 
* The annual incidence of adult T-cell leukemia development among [[Human T-lymphotropic virus|HTLV]]-1 carriers is approximately 60 per 100,000 individuals.
===Age===
===Age===
* The incidence of adult T-cell leukemia increases with age,and the median age at diagnosis is 57 years.<ref name="pmid20425378">{{cite journal| author=Mahieux R, Gessain A| title=Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and HTLV-1. | journal=Curr Hematol Malig Rep | year= 2007 | volume= 2 | issue= 4 | pages= 257-64 | pmid=20425378 | doi=10.1007/s11899-007-0035-x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20425378  }} </ref>
* The age of onset for adult T-cell leukemia differs across geographical regions, such as:
:* The median age at diagnosis in Japan is 60 years.
:* The median age at diagnosis in Central America is 40 years.
===Gender===
===Gender===
* Males are more commonly affected with adult T-cell leukemia than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 1.4 to 1.<ref name="pmid25219595">{{cite journal| author=Satake M, Yamada Y, Atogami S, Yamaguchi K| title=The incidence of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma among human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 carriers in Japan. | journal=Leuk Lymphoma | year= 2015 | volume= 56 | issue= 6 | pages= 1806-12 | pmid=25219595 | doi=10.3109/10428194.2014.964700 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25219595  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22973265">{{cite journal| author=Iwanaga M, Watanabe T, Yamaguchi K| title=Adult T-cell leukemia: a review of epidemiological evidence. | journal=Front Microbiol | year= 2012 | volume= 3 | issue=  | pages= 322 | pmid=22973265 | doi=10.3389/fmicb.2012.00322 | pmc=PMC3437524 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22973265  }} </ref><ref name="wiki">Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Wikipedia (2015) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_T-cell_leukemia/lymphoma Accessed on November, 3 2015</ref>
* Females are more commonly affected with [[Human T-lymphotropic virus|HTLV]] infection than males. However, the risk of adult T-cell leukemia development among [[HTLV]] male carriers is five fold higher than the risk of adult T-cell leukemia development among [[Human T-lymphotropic virus|HTLV]] female carriers.
===Race===
===Race===
Those cases that have been reported have occurred mostly among persons from the Caribbean or blacks from the Southeast (National Institutes of Health, unpublished data). There appears to be a long latent period between HTLV-1 infection and the start of ATLL.
* Adult T-cell leukemia usually affects individuals of the African American, Latin American, and Asian race.  
* Caucasian individuals are less likely to develop adult T-cell leukemia.<ref name="pmid25219595">{{cite journal| author=Satake M, Yamada Y, Atogami S, Yamaguchi K| title=The incidence of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma among human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 carriers in Japan. | journal=Leuk Lymphoma | year= 2015 | volume= 56 | issue= 6 | pages= 1806-12 | pmid=25219595 | doi=10.3109/10428194.2014.964700 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25219595  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22973265">{{cite journal| author=Iwanaga M, Watanabe T, Yamaguchi K| title=Adult T-cell leukemia: a review of epidemiological evidence. | journal=Front Microbiol | year= 2012 | volume= 3 | issue=  | pages= 322 | pmid=22973265 | doi=10.3389/fmicb.2012.00322 | pmc=PMC3437524 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22973265  }} </ref><ref name="wiki">Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Wikipedia (2015) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_T-cell_leukemia/lymphoma Accessed on November, 3 2015</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{WH}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WS}}


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Latest revision as of 20:18, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Haytham Allaham, M.D. [2]; Grammar Reviewer: Natalie Harpenau, B.S.[3]

Overview

The majority of adult T-cell leukemia cases are reported in Japan, the Caribbean, South America, and Africa. In southern Japan, the age-adjusted incidence rate of adult T-cell leukemia is approximately 6.6 per 100,000 individuals. The incidence of adult T-cell leukemia increases with age, and the median age at diagnosis is 57 years. Males are more commonly affected with adult T-cell leukemia than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 1.4 to 1. Adult T-cell leukemia usually affects individuals of the African American, Latin American, and Asian race. Caucasian individuals are less likely to develop adult T-cell leukemia.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Prevalence

  • Human T-Lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infects at least 5–10 million people worldwide.[1]
  • HTLV-1 is endemic to Central Australia and infection prevalence in this region ranges from a low of 7200 per 100,000 to a high of 13,900 per 100,000 of socially disadvantaged indigenous adults.[2][3][4]
  • In Australia, HTLV-1 carriers were first reported among indigenous residents of remote desert communities in 1988.[5]
  • Breastfeeding is thought to play an important role in transmission of HTLV-1 in indigenous Australian population.[6]
  • In the US, adult T-cell leukemia is considered a rare disease that mainly tends to develop among African American intravenous drug abusers.[7]
  • The majority of adult T-cell leukemia cases are reported in Japan, the Caribbean, South America, and Africa.
HTLV-1 prevalence in the North America, source: CDC
HTLV-1 prevalence in the Central and South America, source: CDC
HTLV-1 prevalence in the Australia and Oceania, source: CDC


Incidence

  •  Among HTLV-1 carriers in high prevalence regions such as Central Australia, Japan and Carribean, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) will ultimately develop in 1-5% of infected individuals.[8]
  • In southern Japan, the age-adjusted incidence rate of adult T-cell leukemia is approximately 6.6 per 100,000 individuals.[9][10][11]
  • The annual incidence of adult T-cell leukemia development among HTLV-1 carriers is approximately 60 per 100,000 individuals.

Age

  • The incidence of adult T-cell leukemia increases with age,and the median age at diagnosis is 57 years.[7]
  • The age of onset for adult T-cell leukemia differs across geographical regions, such as:
  • The median age at diagnosis in Japan is 60 years.
  • The median age at diagnosis in Central America is 40 years.

Gender

  • Males are more commonly affected with adult T-cell leukemia than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 1.4 to 1.[9][10][11]
  • Females are more commonly affected with HTLV infection than males. However, the risk of adult T-cell leukemia development among HTLV male carriers is five fold higher than the risk of adult T-cell leukemia development among HTLV female carriers.

Race

  • Adult T-cell leukemia usually affects individuals of the African American, Latin American, and Asian race.
  • Caucasian individuals are less likely to develop adult T-cell leukemia.[9][10][11]

References

  1. ↑ "Clinical Associations of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Infection in an Indigenous Australian Population".
  2. ↑ Bastian I, Hinuma Y, Doherty RR (July 1993). "HTLV-I among Northern Territory aborigines". Med. J. Aust. 159 (1): 12–6. PMID 8316104.
  3. ↑ "Clinical Associations of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Infection in an Indigenous Australian Population".
  4. ↑ Einsiedel L, Cassar O, Bardy P, Kearney D, Gessain A (October 2013). "Variant human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1c and adult T-cell leukemia, Australia". Emerging Infect. Dis. 19 (10): 1639–41. doi:10.3201/eid1910.130105. PMC 3810736. PMID 24047544.
  5. ↑ May JT, Stent G, Schnagl RD (July 1988). "Antibody to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I in Australian aborigines". Med. J. Aust. 149 (2): 104. PMID 2839756.
  6. ↑ Einsiedel L, Cassar O, Bardy P, Kearney D, Gessain A (October 2013). "Variant human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1c and adult T-cell leukemia, Australia". Emerging Infect. Dis. 19 (10): 1639–41. doi:10.3201/eid1910.130105. PMC 3810736. PMID 24047544.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Mahieux R, Gessain A (2007). "Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and HTLV-1". Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2 (4): 257–64. doi:10.1007/s11899-007-0035-x. PMID 20425378.
  8. ↑ Verdonck K, González E, Van Dooren S, Vandamme AM, Vanham G, Gotuzzo E (April 2007). "Human T-lymphotropic virus 1: recent knowledge about an ancient infection". Lancet Infect Dis. 7 (4): 266–81. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70081-6. PMID 17376384.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Satake M, Yamada Y, Atogami S, Yamaguchi K (2015). "The incidence of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma among human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 carriers in Japan". Leuk Lymphoma. 56 (6): 1806–12. doi:10.3109/10428194.2014.964700. PMID 25219595.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Iwanaga M, Watanabe T, Yamaguchi K (2012). "Adult T-cell leukemia: a review of epidemiological evidence". Front Microbiol. 3: 322. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00322. PMC 3437524. PMID 22973265.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Wikipedia (2015) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_T-cell_leukemia/lymphoma Accessed on November, 3 2015
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