Acute myeloid leukemia differential diagnosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [2] Carlos A Lopez, M.D. [3] Shyam Patel [4]

Overview

The differential diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia includes a variety of other hematologic malignancies, specifically acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Each of these conditions has distinct causes and therapies. There is some overlap between the causes and laboratory abnormalities amongst these diseases.

Differentiating Acute Myeloid Leukemia from Other Diseases

Acute myeloid leukemia can be distinguished from other types of AML based on a variety of features.

Characteristic	Causes	Laboratory abnormalities	Physical examination	Therapy	Other associations
Acute myeloid leukemia	Chromosomal instability Sporadic mutations Prior exposure to benzene Prior exposure to alkylating agents Prior exposure to topoisomerase II inhibitors Germline RUNX1 mutation	Anemia Thrombocytopenia Neutropenia Elevated LDH Elevated uric acid Elevated phosphorus Elevated potassium Low calcium Greater than 20% myeloblasts on bone marrow aspirate	Pyrexia Evidence of infection Pallor Mucosal bleeding (less common than in acute promyelocytic leukemia) Bruising (less common than in acute promyelocytic leukemia)	Cytarabine Anthracycline Enasidenib Liposomal daunorubicin plus cytarabine Gemtuzumab ozogamycin Midostaurin Enasidenib Ivosidenib Stem cell transplant	Variable prognosis based on cytogenetic and molecular profile Four new FDA-approved therapies became available in 2017
Acute promyelocytic leukemia	Prior exposure to alkylating agents Prior exposure to topoisomerase II inhibitors Translocation between chromosomes 15 and 17 Creation of PML-RARalpha gene product Differentiation block in myeloid cells	Low white blood cell count (typically) Anemia Neutropenia Thrombocytopenia Low fibrinogen Elevated prothrombin time (PT) Elevated partial thromboplastin time (PTT)	Mucosal bleeding Petechiae Ecchymoses Evidence of infection Pallor Thrombosis	All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) Arsenic trioxide Cytarabine Anthracycline	Presence of Auer rods in promyelocytes High risk for early death from hemorrhagic complications
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia	Chromosomal instability Sporadic mutations	Anemia Thrombocytopenia Neutropenia Elevated LDH Elevated uric acid Elevated phosphorus Elevated potassium Low calcium Greater than 20% lymphoblasts on bone marrow aspirate	Neurologic deficits Pallor Lymphadenopathy	HyperCVAD (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, dexamethasone) R-HyperCVAD (inclusion of rituximab) Peg-asparaginase Intrathecal methotrexate Intrathecal cytarabine Blinatumomab (bispecific T cell engager) Inotuzumab ozogamycin (anti-CD22 antibody) Tisagenlecleucel (chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy) Stem cell transplant	Sanctuary sites include the central nervous system (CNS) and testes
Chronic myeloid leukemia	Translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 Creation of BCR-Abl gene product	Elevated white blood cell count Presence of white blood cell precursors at various stages of maturation Presence of excess metamyelocytes, basophils, eosinophils, and band cells	Splenomegaly Abdominal tenderness Pallor Evidence of infection	Imatinib Nilotinib Dasatinib Bosutinib Ponatinib Omacetaxine	High response rate to tyrosine kinase inhibitors Risk for development of T315I kinase domain mutation Typically does not require stem cell transplant Three phases include chronic, accelerated, and blast phase
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia	Chromosomal instability Sporadic mutations Infections	Elevated absolute lymphocyte count (in all stages) Presence of >5000 clonal B cells per microliter in peripheral blood Anemia (in Rai stage III) Thrombocytopenia (in Rai stage IV)	Lymph node enlargement in Rai stage I Splenomegaly in Rai stage II Hepatomegaly in Rai stage II Pallor Bleeding	Fludarabine Cyclophosphamide Rituximab Obinutuzumab Ofatumumab Ibrutinib Venetoclax	Associated with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, which occurs in 10-25% of patients with CLL Associated with immune thrombocytopenia purpura Associated with pure red cell aplasia Treatment with corticosteroids or anti-leukemic therapy will correct the autoimmune complications of CLL