Acute diarrhea causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]
Overview
- The causes of acute diarrhea are based on .
- Common causes of acute diarrhea in children in both developing and developed nations are infections. Infectious gastroenterits is most commonly caused by Rota virus, Shigella, Enterotoxigenic E.coli ETEC , Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium parvum. Less commonly, acute diarrhea in children can be caused by Norwalk like viruses, can be associated with systemic infections including Influenza, UTI, Otitis media, HIV infection.
- Common causes of acute diarrhea in adults is also Infectious gastroenterits, commonly caused by Noro virus, Salmonella, Shigella, Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus. Other common causes are food allergies, drug side effects. Less commonly acute diarrhea can be a symptom in the initial stages of systemic conditions including Ischemic colitis, Hyperthyroidism, Tropical sprue and with disorders of digestion and absorption process.
Causes
Causes of acute diarrhea based on infectious agents are enlisted below. Common causes of diarrhea differ based on geographical location, food hygiene standards, sanitation, water supply, and the season. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
Bacterial causes of diarrhea
- Shigella species ( S.dysentriae, S.flexneri, S.sonneii, S.boydii)
- Vibrio cholerae
- Non-typhoidal Salmonella: S.typhimurium, S.enterica
- Campylobacter jejuni
- Clostridium difficile: Antibiotic associated diarrhea (eg: Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, Clindamycin, Cephalosporins)
- Yersinia enterocolitica
- Aeromonas
- Sepsis:
- Hemolytic uraemic syndrome (Shiga toxin producing E. coli ETEC)
- Shigella species
- Clostridium difficile
- Campylobacter jejuni
- Escherichia coli:
- Vibrio parahemolyticus
- Aeromonas
- Plesiomonas shigelloides
- Mycobacterium Avium complex
- Bacillus cereus
- Clostridium perfringens
- Listeria monocytogenes
Viral causes of diarrhea
- Rotavirus
- Norovirus
- Adenovirus
- Astrovirus
- Calcivirus
- Influenza virus
- Human immunodeficiency virus
- CMV
- Astrovirus
- Norwalk virus
Protozoa:
Systemic infections
- Sepsis
- Urinary tract infection
- Appendicitis
- Intussusception
- Short bowel syndrome
- Radiation enteritis
- Chemotherapy induced enteritis
- Hyperthyroidism
- Irritable bowel syndrome
- Tropical sprue
- Ischemic colitis
- VIPoma
- Infectious colitis
Disorders of digestive/absorptive processes:
- Glucose-galactose malabsorption
- Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency
- Late-onset (adult-type) hypolactasia, leads to lactose intolerance
Medicatons:
- Antibiotics, mostly with Cephalosporins
- Magnesium containing antacids
- Laxatives
- Antiretroviral agents
- Chemotherapeutic agents
- Antifungals
- Digoxin
- Lactulose
Ingestion of plants (eg, hyacinths, daffodils, Amanita species mushrooms)
Food allergies:
- Cow's milk protein allergy
- Soy protein allergy
Organophosphate poisoning
Opium withdrawal
References
- ↑ Mokomane M, Kasvosve I, de Melo E, Pernica JM, Goldfarb DM (2018). "The global problem of childhood diarrhoeal diseases: emerging strategies in prevention and management". Ther Adv Infect Dis. 5 (1): 29–43. doi:10.1177/2049936117744429. PMC 5761924. PMID 29344358.
- ↑ de Bruyn G (2008). "Diarrhoea in adults (acute)". BMJ Clin Evid. 2008. PMC 2907942. PMID 19450323.
- ↑ Chiejina M, Samant H. PMID 29262044. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Dalby-Payne JR, Elliott EJ (2009). "Gastroenteritis in children". BMJ Clin Evid. 2009. PMC 2907797. PMID 21726481.
- ↑ Kotloff KL, Nataro JP, Blackwelder WC, Nasrin D, Farag TH, Panchalingam S, Wu Y, Sow SO, Sur D, Breiman RF, Faruque AS, Zaidi AK, Saha D, Alonso PL, Tamboura B, Sanogo D, Onwuchekwa U, Manna B, Ramamurthy T, Kanungo S, Ochieng JB, Omore R, Oundo JO, Hossain A, Das SK, Ahmed S, Qureshi S, Quadri F, Adegbola RA, Antonio M, Hossain MJ, Akinsola A, Mandomando I, Nhampossa T, Acácio S, Biswas K, O'Reilly CE, Mintz ED, Berkeley LY, Muhsen K, Sommerfelt H, Robins-Browne RM, Levine MM (2013). "Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study". Lancet. 382 (9888): 209–22. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60844-2. PMID 23680352.
- ↑ Chhabra P, Payne DC, Szilagyi PG, Edwards KM, Staat MA, Shirley SH, Wikswo M, Nix WA, Lu X, Parashar UD, Vinjé J (2013). "Etiology of viral gastroenteritis in children <5 years of age in the United States, 2008-2009". J. Infect. Dis. 208 (5): 790–800. doi:10.1093/infdis/jit254. PMID 23757337.
- ↑ Pang XL, Honma S, Nakata S, Vesikari T (2000). "Human caliciviruses in acute gastroenteritis of young children in the community". J. Infect. Dis. 181 Suppl 2: S288–94. doi:10.1086/315590. PMID 10804140.
- ↑ Cohen MB (1991). "Etiology and mechanisms of acute infectious diarrhea in infants in the United States". J. Pediatr. 118 (4 Pt 2): S34–9. PMID 2007955.
- ↑ Irikura D, Monma C, Suzuki Y, Nakama A, Kai A, Fukui-Miyazaki A, Horiguchi Y, Yoshinari T, Sugita-Konishi Y, Kamata Y (2015). "Identification and Characterization of a New Enterotoxin Produced by Clostridium perfringens Isolated from Food Poisoning Outbreaks". PLoS ONE. 10 (11): e0138183. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138183. PMC 4652906. PMID 26584048.
- ↑ Surawicz CM (2003). "Antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children: how many dirty diapers?". J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 37 (1): 2–3. PMID 12826999.