Actinomycosis overview: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
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{{Actinomycosis}}
{{Actinomycosis}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}};{{AE}}{{ADG}}
 
==Overview==
==Overview==
'''Actinomycosis''' is a rare [[infectious disease|infectious]] [[bacteria]]l disease of humans generally caused by ''Actinomyces israelii'', ''A. gerencseriae'' and ''Propionibacterium propionicus'', though the condition is likely to be polymicrobial.Characterized by the formation of painful [[abscess]]es in the [[mouth]], [[lungs]], or digestive organs, actinomycosis abscesses grow larger as the disease progresses, often over a period of months. In severe cases, the abscesses may penetrate the surrounding bone and muscle to the skin, where they break open and leak large amounts of pus. Actinomycosis occurs in cattle and other animals as a disease called ''lumpy jaw''. This name refers to the large abscesses that grow on the head and neck of the infected animal.
'''[[Actinomycosis]]''' is a rare [[infectious disease|infectious]] [[bacterial]] disease of humans generally caused by ''[[Actinomyces israelii]]'', ''A. gerencseriae'' and ''[[Propionibacterium propionicus]]''. It is characterized by formation of painful [[abscess]]es in [[mouth]], [[lungs]], and [[Gastrointestinal tract|digestive organs]]. The [[abscesses]] tend to grow larger as the [[disease]] progresses. In such conditions, the [[abscesses]] may penetrate the surrounding [[bone]], [[muscle]] and [[skin]], forming a [[sinus]] [[tract]] leaking large amounts of [[pus]]. [[Actinomycosis]] is also seen in cattle and is known as ''[[lumpy jaw]]''[[Lumpy jaw|.]] as the [[abscesses]] tend to grow on the [[Head and neck anatomy|head and neck]] of the animal.
==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
Acitnomycosis was first identified in 1877 in cattle by pathologist Otto Bollinger. Later in the year, James Israel discovered it in humans and classified it under fungal origin. In 1939, Bergey classified to be bacteria.
[[Actinomycosis|Acitnomycosis]] was first discovered in 1877 in cattle by pathologist Otto Bollinger. Later in the same year, James Israel discovered it in humans and classified it under fungal origin. In 1939, Bergey classified to be [[bacteria]].


==Classification==
==Classification==
Actinomycosis can be classified based on the anatomical site involved into<ref name="pmid25045274">{{cite journal |vauthors=Valour F, Sénéchal A, Dupieux C, Karsenty J, Lustig S, Breton P, Gleizal A, Boussel L, Laurent F, Braun E, Chidiac C, Ader F, Ferry T |title=Actinomycosis: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and management |journal=Infect Drug Resist |volume=7 |issue= |pages=183–97 |year=2014 |pmid=25045274 |pmc=4094581 |doi=10.2147/IDR.S39601 |url=}}</ref>
Actinomycosis can be classified based on the anatomical site involved into<ref name="pmid25045274">{{cite journal |vauthors=Valour F, Sénéchal A, Dupieux C, Karsenty J, Lustig S, Breton P, Gleizal A, Boussel L, Laurent F, Braun E, Chidiac C, Ader F, Ferry T |title=Actinomycosis: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and management |journal=Infect Drug Resist |volume=7 |issue= |pages=183–97 |year=2014 |pmid=25045274 |pmc=4094581 |doi=10.2147/IDR.S39601 |url=}}</ref>
*Orocervicofacial actinomycosis
*[[Orocervicofacial actinomycosis]]
*Thoracic actinomycosis
*[[Thoracic actinomycosis]]
*Abdominopelvic actinomycosis
*[[Abdominopelvic actinomycosis]]
*central nervous system actinomycosis  
*[[Central nervous system actinomycosis]]
*Musculoskeletal actinomycosis  
*[[Musculoskeletal]] actinomycosis  
*Disseminated actinomycosis
*[[Disseminated actinomycosis]]
==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==
Actinomycosis is a chronic pyogenic bacterial infection caused by Actinomyces species. Infection most frequently follows dental work, trauma, surgery, or other medical conditions. When there is break in the mucosa, anywhere from the mouth to the rectum they reach tissues and cause damage. Incubation period of Actinomycosis varies from one to four weeks. But occasionally, it may be as long as several months. Actinomycosis elicits both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.<ref name="pmid16116835">{{cite journal |vauthors=Volante M, Contucci AM, Fantoni M, Ricci R, Galli J |title=Cervicofacial actinomycosis: still a difficult differential diagnosis |journal=Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=116–9 |year=2005 |pmid=16116835 |pmc=2639881 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17561082">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sharkawy AA |title=Cervicofacial actinomycosis and mandibular osteomyelitis |journal=Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=543–56, viii |year=2007 |pmid=17561082 |doi=10.1016/j.idc.2007.03.007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="Peipert2004">{{cite journal|last1=Peipert|first1=Jeffrey F.|title=Actinomyces: Normal Flora or Pathogen?|journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology|volume=104|issue=Supplement|year=2004|pages=1132–1133|issn=0029-7844|doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000145267.59208.e7}}</ref><ref name="pmid28202870">{{cite journal |vauthors=Higashi Y, Nakamura S, Ashizawa N, Oshima K, Tanaka A, Miyazaki T, Izumikawa K, Yanagihara K, Yamamoto Y, Miyazaki Y, Mukae H, Kohno S |title=Pulmonary Actinomycosis Mimicking Pulmonary Aspergilloma and a Brief Review of the Literature |journal=Intern. Med. |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=449–453 |year=2017 |pmid=28202870 |doi=10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7620 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1612438">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schaal KP, Lee HJ |title=Actinomycete infections in humans--a review |journal=Gene |volume=115 |issue=1-2 |pages=201–11 |year=1992 |pmid=1612438 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="Brown1973">{{cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=James R.|title=Human actinomycosisA study of 181 subjects|journal=Human Pathology|volume=4|issue=3|year=1973|pages=319–330|issn=00468177|doi=10.1016/S0046-8177(73)80097-8}}</ref>
[[Actinomycosis]] is a chronic [[Pyogenic infection|pyogenic]] [[bacterial]] [[infection]] caused by [[Actinomyces]] species. Infection most frequently follows dental work, [[trauma]] and [[surgery]]. When there is break in the [[Mucosa|mucosal layer]], anywhere from the [[mouth]] to the [[rectum]] they reach [[tissues]] and cause damage. Incubation period of [[actinomycosis]] varies from one to four weeks. But occasionally, it may be as long as several months. [[Actinomycosis]] elicits both [[Humoral immunity|humoral]] and [[Cell-mediated immunity|cell-mediated immune responses]].<ref name="pmid16116835">{{cite journal |vauthors=Volante M, Contucci AM, Fantoni M, Ricci R, Galli J |title=Cervicofacial actinomycosis: still a difficult differential diagnosis |journal=Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=116–9 |year=2005 |pmid=16116835 |pmc=2639881 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17561082">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sharkawy AA |title=Cervicofacial actinomycosis and mandibular osteomyelitis |journal=Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=543–56, viii |year=2007 |pmid=17561082 |doi=10.1016/j.idc.2007.03.007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="Peipert2004">{{cite journal|last1=Peipert|first1=Jeffrey F.|title=Actinomyces: Normal Flora or Pathogen?|journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology|volume=104|issue=Supplement|year=2004|pages=1132–1133|issn=0029-7844|doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000145267.59208.e7}}</ref><ref name="pmid28202870">{{cite journal |vauthors=Higashi Y, Nakamura S, Ashizawa N, Oshima K, Tanaka A, Miyazaki T, Izumikawa K, Yanagihara K, Yamamoto Y, Miyazaki Y, Mukae H, Kohno S |title=Pulmonary Actinomycosis Mimicking Pulmonary Aspergilloma and a Brief Review of the Literature |journal=Intern. Med. |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=449–453 |year=2017 |pmid=28202870 |doi=10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7620 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1612438">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schaal KP, Lee HJ |title=Actinomycete infections in humans--a review |journal=Gene |volume=115 |issue=1-2 |pages=201–11 |year=1992 |pmid=1612438 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="Brown1973">{{cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=James R.|title=Human actinomycosisA study of 181 subjects|journal=Human Pathology|volume=4|issue=3|year=1973|pages=319–330|issn=00468177|doi=10.1016/S0046-8177(73)80097-8}}</ref>
==Causes==
==Causes==
'''''Actinomyces''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Gram-positive]] [[bacterium|bacteria]]. Some species are [[Anaerobic organism|anaerobic]], while others are [[Facultative anaerobic organism|facultatively anaerobic]] . ''Actinomyces'' species do not form [[spore]]s, and, while individual bacteria are rod-shaped, morphologically ''Actinomyces'' colonies form [[fungus]]-like branched networks of [[hypha|hyphae]]. Many ''Actinomyces'' species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and other mammals, particularly in the [[oral cavity]]. In rare cases, these bacteria can cause [[actinomycosis]], a disease characterized by the formation of [[abscess]]es in the mouth, lungs, or the [[gastrointestinal tract]].<ref name=Baron>{{cite book | author = Bowden GHW | title = Actinomycosis ''in:'' Baron's Medical Microbiology ''(Baron S ''et al'', eds.)| edition = 4th ed. | publisher = Univ of Texas Medical Branch | year = 1996 | id = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.1883 (via NCBI Bookshelf)] ISBN 0-9631172-1-1 }}</ref><ref name=Holt_1994>{{cite book | author = Holt JG (editor) | title = Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology | edition = 9th ed. | publisher = Williams & Wilkins | year = 1994 | id = ISBN 0-683-00603-7 }}</ref><ref name=Brock_2005>{{cite book | author = Madigan M; Martinko J (editors). | title = Brock Biology of Microorganisms | edition = 11th ed. | publisher = Prentice Hall | year = 2005 | id = ISBN 0-13-144329-1 }}</ref>io
'''''[[Actinomyces]]''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Gram-positive]] [[bacterium|bacteria]]. Some species are [[Anaerobic organism|anaerobic]], while others are [[Facultative anaerobic organism|facultatively anaerobic]]. ''[[Actinomyces]]'' species do not form [[spore]]s, and, while individual [[bacteria]] are rod-shaped, morphologically ''[[Actinomyces]]'' colonies form [[fungus]]-like branched networks of [[hypha|hyphae]]. Many ''[[actinomyces]]'' species are opportunistic [[pathogens]] of humans and other [[mammals]], particularly in the [[oral cavity]]. In rare cases, these [[bacteria]] can cause [[actinomycosis]], a [[disease]] characterized by the formation of [[abscess]]es in the [[Mouth|mouth,]] [[Lungs|lungs,]] or the [[gastrointestinal tract]].<ref name=Baron>{{cite book | author = Bowden GHW | title = Actinomycosis ''in:'' Baron's Medical Microbiology ''(Baron S ''et al'', eds.)| edition = 4th ed. | publisher = Univ of Texas Medical Branch | year = 1996 | id = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.1883 (via NCBI Bookshelf)] ISBN 0-9631172-1-1 }}</ref><ref name=Holt_1994>{{cite book | author = Holt JG (editor) | title = Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology | edition = 9th ed. | publisher = Williams & Wilkins | year = 1994 | id = ISBN 0-683-00603-7 }}</ref><ref name=Brock_2005>{{cite book | author = Madigan M; Martinko J (editors). | title = Brock Biology of Microorganisms | edition = 11th ed. | publisher = Prentice Hall | year = 2005 | id = ISBN 0-13-144329-1 }}</ref>
==Differentiating Actinomycosis from other diseases==
==Differentiating Actinomycosis from other diseases==
The differential diagnosis of actinomycosis consists of [[blastomycosis]], [[brain abscess]], [[colon cancer]], [[crohn disease]], [[diverticulitis]], [[liver abscess]], [[lung abscess]], [[lymphoma]], [[nocardiosis]], [[pelvic inflammatory disease]], [[pneumonia]], [[tuberculosis]] and [[uterine cancer]].
The differential diagnosis of [[actinomycosis]] consists of [[blastomycosis]], [[brain abscess]], [[colon cancer]], [[crohn disease]], [[diverticulitis]], [[liver abscess]], [[lung abscess]], [[lymphoma]], [[nocardiosis]], [[pelvic inflammatory disease]], [[pneumonia]], [[tuberculosis]] and [[uterine cancer]].
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
In 1970, its annual incidence was estimated to be 1 per 300,000. Its incidence has been declined due the advent of widespread use of antibiotics following dental surgeries. Actinomycosis is commonly found between 4th to 6th decade of life and very rare in infants and children. Males are more commonly affected by Actinomycosis than females.
In 1970, its annual incidence was estimated to be 1 per 300,000. Its [[incidence]] has been declined due the advent of widespread use of [[antibiotics]] following dental surgeries. [[Actinomycosis]] is commonly found between 4th to 6th decade of life and very rare in infants and children. Males are more commonly affected by [[actinomycosis]] than females.
==Risk factors==
==Risk factors==
Common risk factors in the development of Actinomycosis include dental [[abscess]], oral surgery, and facial trauma.
Common risk factors in the development of [[actinomycosis]] include [[Tooth abscess|dental abscess]], [[Oral Surgery|oral surgery]], and [[facial trauma]].
==Screening==
==Screening==
According to the Centers for disease control and prevention, screening for Actinomycosis is not recommended.
According to the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for disease control and prevention]], screening for [[actinomycosis]] is not recommended.
==Natural history, Complications and Prognosis==
==Natural history, Complications and Prognosis==
If left untreated, patients with Actinomycosis may progress to develop focal organ involvement with mass-like features and dvelopment of sinus tracts (which can heal and re-form) leading to multiple abscess. Complications that can develop as a result of actinomycosis are  Extension of disease can result in osteomyelitis of the mandible, ribs, or vertebrae.The prognosis is generally excellent with prompt and effective antimicrobial treatment in patients with uncomplicated actinomycosis that does not affect the CNS. Mortality range from 0% to 28%.( hightest being in CNS)<ref name="pmid16116835">{{cite journal |vauthors=Volante M, Contucci AM, Fantoni M, Ricci R, Galli J |title=Cervicofacial actinomycosis: still a difficult differential diagnosis |journal=Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=116–9 |year=2005 |pmid=16116835 |pmc=2639881 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17561082">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sharkawy AA |title=Cervicofacial actinomycosis and mandibular osteomyelitis |journal=Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=543–56, viii |year=2007 |pmid=17561082 |doi=10.1016/j.idc.2007.03.007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="Peipert2004">{{cite journal|last1=Peipert|first1=Jeffrey F.|title=Actinomyces: Normal Flora or Pathogen?|journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology|volume=104|issue=Supplement|year=2004|pages=1132–1133|issn=0029-7844|doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000145267.59208.e7}}</ref><ref name="pmid28202870">{{cite journal |vauthors=Higashi Y, Nakamura S, Ashizawa N, Oshima K, Tanaka A, Miyazaki T, Izumikawa K, Yanagihara K, Yamamoto Y, Miyazaki Y, Mukae H, Kohno S |title=Pulmonary Actinomycosis Mimicking Pulmonary Aspergilloma and a Brief Review of the Literature |journal=Intern. Med. |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=449–453 |year=2017 |pmid=28202870 |doi=10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7620 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1612438">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schaal KP, Lee HJ |title=Actinomycete infections in humans--a review |journal=Gene |volume=115 |issue=1-2 |pages=201–11 |year=1992 |pmid=1612438 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="Brown1973">{{cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=James R.|title=Human actinomycosisA study of 181 subjects|journal=Human Pathology|volume=4|issue=3|year=1973|pages=319–330|issn=00468177|doi=10.1016/S0046-8177(73)80097-8}}</ref><ref name="pmid25406215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Agrawal P, Vaiphei K |title=Renal actinomycosis |journal=BMJ Case Rep |volume=2014 |issue= |pages= |year=2014 |pmid=25406215 |pmc=4244330 |doi=10.1136/bcr-2014-205892 |url=}}</ref>
If left untreated, patients with actinomycosis may progress to develop focal organ involvement with mass-like features and dvelopment of [[sinus]] tracts (which can heal and reform leading to multiple [[abscesses]] complications that can develop as a result of actinomycosis include local extension of [[disease]] resulting in [[osteomyelitis]] of the [[mandible]], [[ribs]], or [[vertebrae]].The prognosis is generally excellent with prompt and effective [[antimicrobial]] treatment in patients in uncomplicated actinomycosis. [[Mortality]] range from 0% to 28%.<ref name="pmid16116835">{{cite journal |vauthors=Volante M, Contucci AM, Fantoni M, Ricci R, Galli J |title=Cervicofacial actinomycosis: still a difficult differential diagnosis |journal=Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=116–9 |year=2005 |pmid=16116835 |pmc=2639881 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17561082">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sharkawy AA |title=Cervicofacial actinomycosis and mandibular osteomyelitis |journal=Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=543–56, viii |year=2007 |pmid=17561082 |doi=10.1016/j.idc.2007.03.007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="Peipert2004">{{cite journal|last1=Peipert|first1=Jeffrey F.|title=Actinomyces: Normal Flora or Pathogen?|journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology|volume=104|issue=Supplement|year=2004|pages=1132–1133|issn=0029-7844|doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000145267.59208.e7}}</ref><ref name="pmid28202870">{{cite journal |vauthors=Higashi Y, Nakamura S, Ashizawa N, Oshima K, Tanaka A, Miyazaki T, Izumikawa K, Yanagihara K, Yamamoto Y, Miyazaki Y, Mukae H, Kohno S |title=Pulmonary Actinomycosis Mimicking Pulmonary Aspergilloma and a Brief Review of the Literature |journal=Intern. Med. |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=449–453 |year=2017 |pmid=28202870 |doi=10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7620 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1612438">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schaal KP, Lee HJ |title=Actinomycete infections in humans--a review |journal=Gene |volume=115 |issue=1-2 |pages=201–11 |year=1992 |pmid=1612438 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="Brown1973">{{cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=James R.|title=Human actinomycosisA study of 181 subjects|journal=Human Pathology|volume=4|issue=3|year=1973|pages=319–330|issn=00468177|doi=10.1016/S0046-8177(73)80097-8}}</ref><ref name="pmid25406215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Agrawal P, Vaiphei K |title=Renal actinomycosis |journal=BMJ Case Rep |volume=2014 |issue= |pages= |year=2014 |pmid=25406215 |pmc=4244330 |doi=10.1136/bcr-2014-205892 |url=}}</ref>


==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
===History and Symptoms===
===History and Symptoms===
Actinomycosis can present with diverse clinical presentation, which include systemic flu-like symptoms and symptoms due to focal involvement of organs by the bacteria.<ref name="pmid27311002">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bonnefond S, Catroux M, Melenotte C, Karkowski L, Rolland L, Trouillier S, Raffray L |title=Clinical features of actinomycosis: A retrospective, multicenter study of 28 cases of miscellaneous presentations |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=95 |issue=24 |pages=e3923 |year=2016 |pmid=27311002 |pmc=4998488 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003923 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21738348">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sung HY, Lee IS, Kim SI, Jung SE, Kim SW, Kim SY, Chung MK, Kim WC, Oh ST, Kang WK |title=Clinical features of abdominal actinomycosis: a 15-year experience of a single institute |journal=J. Korean Med. Sci. |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=932–7 |year=2011 |pmid=21738348 |pmc=3124725 |doi=10.3346/jkms.2011.26.7.932 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19718405">{{cite journal |vauthors=Choi MM, Baek JH, Beak JH, Lee JN, Park S, Lee WS |title=Clinical features of abdominopelvic actinomycosis: report of twenty cases and literature review |journal=Yonsei Med. J. |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=555–9 |year=2009 |pmid=19718405 |pmc=2730619 |doi=10.3349/ymj.2009.50.4.555 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3317731">{{cite journal| author=Smego RA| title=Actinomycosis of the central nervous system. | journal=Rev Infect Dis | year= 1987 | volume= 9 | issue= 5 | pages= 855-65 | pmid=3317731 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3317731  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27630971">{{cite journal |vauthors=Meethal AC, Pattamparambath M, Balan A, Kumar NR, Sathyabhama S |title=Actinomycotic Osteomyelitis of the Maxilla - A Delusive Presentation |journal=J Clin Diagn Res |volume=10 |issue=7 |pages=ZJ01–3 |year=2016 |pmid=27630971 |pmc=5020198 |doi=10.7860/JCDR/2016/19171.8086 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25280832">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shikino K, Ikusaka M, Takada T |title=Cervicofacial actinomycosis |journal=J Gen Intern Med |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=263 |year=2015 |pmid=25280832 |pmc=4314475 |doi=10.1007/s11606-014-3001-z |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28202870">{{cite journal |vauthors=Higashi Y, Nakamura S, Ashizawa N, Oshima K, Tanaka A, Miyazaki T, Izumikawa K, Yanagihara K, Yamamoto Y, Miyazaki Y, Mukae H, Kohno S |title=Pulmonary Actinomycosis Mimicking Pulmonary Aspergilloma and a Brief Review of the Literature |journal=Intern. Med. |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=449–453 |year=2017 |pmid=28202870 |doi=10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7620 |url=}}</ref>
[[Actinomycosis]] can present with diverse clinical presentation, which include systemic flu-like symptoms and symptoms due to focal involvement of organs by the [[bacteria]].<ref name="pmid27311002">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bonnefond S, Catroux M, Melenotte C, Karkowski L, Rolland L, Trouillier S, Raffray L |title=Clinical features of actinomycosis: A retrospective, multicenter study of 28 cases of miscellaneous presentations |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=95 |issue=24 |pages=e3923 |year=2016 |pmid=27311002 |pmc=4998488 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003923 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21738348">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sung HY, Lee IS, Kim SI, Jung SE, Kim SW, Kim SY, Chung MK, Kim WC, Oh ST, Kang WK |title=Clinical features of abdominal actinomycosis: a 15-year experience of a single institute |journal=J. Korean Med. Sci. |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=932–7 |year=2011 |pmid=21738348 |pmc=3124725 |doi=10.3346/jkms.2011.26.7.932 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19718405">{{cite journal |vauthors=Choi MM, Baek JH, Beak JH, Lee JN, Park S, Lee WS |title=Clinical features of abdominopelvic actinomycosis: report of twenty cases and literature review |journal=Yonsei Med. J. |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=555–9 |year=2009 |pmid=19718405 |pmc=2730619 |doi=10.3349/ymj.2009.50.4.555 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3317731">{{cite journal| author=Smego RA| title=Actinomycosis of the central nervous system. | journal=Rev Infect Dis | year= 1987 | volume= 9 | issue= 5 | pages= 855-65 | pmid=3317731 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3317731  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27630971">{{cite journal |vauthors=Meethal AC, Pattamparambath M, Balan A, Kumar NR, Sathyabhama S |title=Actinomycotic Osteomyelitis of the Maxilla - A Delusive Presentation |journal=J Clin Diagn Res |volume=10 |issue=7 |pages=ZJ01–3 |year=2016 |pmid=27630971 |pmc=5020198 |doi=10.7860/JCDR/2016/19171.8086 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25280832">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shikino K, Ikusaka M, Takada T |title=Cervicofacial actinomycosis |journal=J Gen Intern Med |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=263 |year=2015 |pmid=25280832 |pmc=4314475 |doi=10.1007/s11606-014-3001-z |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28202870">{{cite journal |vauthors=Higashi Y, Nakamura S, Ashizawa N, Oshima K, Tanaka A, Miyazaki T, Izumikawa K, Yanagihara K, Yamamoto Y, Miyazaki Y, Mukae H, Kohno S |title=Pulmonary Actinomycosis Mimicking Pulmonary Aspergilloma and a Brief Review of the Literature |journal=Intern. Med. |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=449–453 |year=2017 |pmid=28202870 |doi=10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7620 |url=}}</ref>
===Physical Examination===
===Physical Examination===
The physical examination findings of Actinomycosis are  are mostly nonspecific and are described according to the organ involved <ref name="pmid25045274">{{cite journal |vauthors=Valour F, Sénéchal A, Dupieux C, Karsenty J, Lustig S, Breton P, Gleizal A, Boussel L, Laurent F, Braun E, Chidiac C, Ader F, Ferry T |title=Actinomycosis: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and management |journal=Infect Drug Resist |volume=7 |issue= |pages=183–97 |year=2014 |pmid=25045274 |pmc=4094581 |doi=10.2147/IDR.S39601 |url=}}</ref>
The physical examination findings of [[actinomycosis]] are mostly nonspecific and are described according to the organ involved <ref name="pmid25045274">{{cite journal |vauthors=Valour F, Sénéchal A, Dupieux C, Karsenty J, Lustig S, Breton P, Gleizal A, Boussel L, Laurent F, Braun E, Chidiac C, Ader F, Ferry T |title=Actinomycosis: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and management |journal=Infect Drug Resist |volume=7 |issue= |pages=183–97 |year=2014 |pmid=25045274 |pmc=4094581 |doi=10.2147/IDR.S39601 |url=}}</ref>
 
===Laboratory findings===
===Laboratory findings===
The gold standard for diagnosing actinomycosis is histological examination and bacterial culture.<ref name="pmid18164641">{{cite journal |vauthors=Acevedo F, Baudrand R, Letelier LM, Gaete P |title=Actinomycosis: a great pretender. Case reports of unusual presentations and a review of the literature |journal=Int. J. Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=358–62 |year=2008 |pmid=18164641 |doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2007.10.006 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28130291">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mani RK, Mishra V, Singh PK, Pradhan D |title=Pulmonary actinomycosis: a clinical surprise! |journal=BMJ Case Rep |volume=2017 |issue= |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=28130291 |doi=10.1136/bcr-2016-218959 |url=}}</ref>
The gold standard for diagnosing [[actinomycosis]] is [[histological]] examination and [[bacterial]] culture.<ref name="pmid18164641">{{cite journal |vauthors=Acevedo F, Baudrand R, Letelier LM, Gaete P |title=Actinomycosis: a great pretender. Case reports of unusual presentations and a review of the literature |journal=Int. J. Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=358–62 |year=2008 |pmid=18164641 |doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2007.10.006 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28130291">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mani RK, Mishra V, Singh PK, Pradhan D |title=Pulmonary actinomycosis: a clinical surprise! |journal=BMJ Case Rep |volume=2017 |issue= |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=28130291 |doi=10.1136/bcr-2016-218959 |url=}}</ref>
===Xray Chest===
===Xray Chest===
There are no specific chest X-ray findings for actinomycosis.
There are no specific [[chest X-ray]] findings for actinomycosis.
 
===Xray Chest===
There are no specific chest X-ray findings for actinomycosis.
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
===Medical therapy===
===Medical therapy===
Antibiotics are the main stay of treatment in actinomycosis. The exact antibiotic regimen depends on the site of infection, severity of disease, and the patient’s response to treatment. For cervico-facial actinomycosis, Ampicillin is administered followed by Penicillin V. Patients with more extensive disease may require surgery.
[[Antibiotics]] are the mainstay of treatment in actinomycosis. The exact [[antibiotic]] regimen depends on the site of [[infection]], the severity of [[disease]], and the patient’s response to treatment. For [[cervicofacial actinomycosis]], [[Ampicillin]] is administered followed by [[Penicillin V]]. Patients with a more extensive disease requires surgery.
 
===Surgery===
Surgery is indicated when the disease involves [[chest]], [[abdomen]], [[pelvis]], and [[Central nervous system|central nervous system (CNS)]]. Surgical resection is required for infected tissue with extensive [[necrosis]] and presence of multiple sinus tracts, or [[fistulas]]. It is also indicated if [[malignancy]] cannot be excluded or if [[Abscesses|large abscesses]] cannot be drained by [[percutaneous]] aspiration.


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 14:49, 7 April 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [2]

Overview

Actinomycosis is a rare infectious bacterial disease of humans generally caused by Actinomyces israelii, A. gerencseriae and Propionibacterium propionicus. It is characterized by formation of painful abscesses in mouth, lungs, and digestive organs. The abscesses tend to grow larger as the disease progresses. In such conditions, the abscesses may penetrate the surrounding bone, muscle and skin, forming a sinus tract leaking large amounts of pus. Actinomycosis is also seen in cattle and is known as lumpy jaw. as the abscesses tend to grow on the head and neck of the animal.

Historical Perspective

Acitnomycosis was first discovered in 1877 in cattle by pathologist Otto Bollinger. Later in the same year, James Israel discovered it in humans and classified it under fungal origin. In 1939, Bergey classified to be bacteria.

Classification

Actinomycosis can be classified based on the anatomical site involved into[1]

Pathophysiology

Actinomycosis is a chronic pyogenic bacterial infection caused by Actinomyces species. Infection most frequently follows dental work, trauma and surgery. When there is break in the mucosal layer, anywhere from the mouth to the rectum they reach tissues and cause damage. Incubation period of actinomycosis varies from one to four weeks. But occasionally, it may be as long as several months. Actinomycosis elicits both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.[2][3][4][5][6][7]

Causes

Actinomyces is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria. Some species are anaerobic, while others are facultatively anaerobic. Actinomyces species do not form spores, and, while individual bacteria are rod-shaped, morphologically Actinomyces colonies form fungus-like branched networks of hyphae. Many actinomyces species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and other mammals, particularly in the oral cavity. In rare cases, these bacteria can cause actinomycosis, a disease characterized by the formation of abscesses in the mouth, lungs, or the gastrointestinal tract.[8][9][10]

Differentiating Actinomycosis from other diseases

The differential diagnosis of actinomycosis consists of blastomycosis, brain abscess, colon cancer, crohn disease, diverticulitis, liver abscess, lung abscess, lymphoma, nocardiosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, pneumonia, tuberculosis and uterine cancer.

Epidemiology and Demographics

In 1970, its annual incidence was estimated to be 1 per 300,000. Its incidence has been declined due the advent of widespread use of antibiotics following dental surgeries. Actinomycosis is commonly found between 4th to 6th decade of life and very rare in infants and children. Males are more commonly affected by actinomycosis than females.

Risk factors

Common risk factors in the development of actinomycosis include dental abscess, oral surgery, and facial trauma.

Screening

According to the Centers for disease control and prevention, screening for actinomycosis is not recommended.

Natural history, Complications and Prognosis

If left untreated, patients with actinomycosis may progress to develop focal organ involvement with mass-like features and dvelopment of sinus tracts (which can heal and reform leading to multiple abscesses complications that can develop as a result of actinomycosis include local extension of disease resulting in osteomyelitis of the mandible, ribs, or vertebrae.The prognosis is generally excellent with prompt and effective antimicrobial treatment in patients in uncomplicated actinomycosis. Mortality range from 0% to 28%.[2][3][4][5][6][7][11]

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Actinomycosis can present with diverse clinical presentation, which include systemic flu-like symptoms and symptoms due to focal involvement of organs by the bacteria.[12][13][14][15][16][17][5]

Physical Examination

The physical examination findings of actinomycosis are mostly nonspecific and are described according to the organ involved [1]

Laboratory findings

The gold standard for diagnosing actinomycosis is histological examination and bacterial culture.[18][19]

Xray Chest

There are no specific chest X-ray findings for actinomycosis.

Treatment

Medical therapy

Antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment in actinomycosis. The exact antibiotic regimen depends on the site of infection, the severity of disease, and the patient’s response to treatment. For cervicofacial actinomycosis, Ampicillin is administered followed by Penicillin V. Patients with a more extensive disease requires surgery.

Surgery

Surgery is indicated when the disease involves chest, abdomen, pelvis, and central nervous system (CNS). Surgical resection is required for infected tissue with extensive necrosis and presence of multiple sinus tracts, or fistulas. It is also indicated if malignancy cannot be excluded or if large abscesses cannot be drained by percutaneous aspiration.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Valour F, Sénéchal A, Dupieux C, Karsenty J, Lustig S, Breton P, Gleizal A, Boussel L, Laurent F, Braun E, Chidiac C, Ader F, Ferry T (2014). "Actinomycosis: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and management". Infect Drug Resist. 7: 183–97. doi:10.2147/IDR.S39601. PMC 4094581. PMID 25045274.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Volante M, Contucci AM, Fantoni M, Ricci R, Galli J (2005). "Cervicofacial actinomycosis: still a difficult differential diagnosis". Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 25 (2): 116–9. PMC 2639881. PMID 16116835.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Sharkawy AA (2007). "Cervicofacial actinomycosis and mandibular osteomyelitis". Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 21 (2): 543–56, viii. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2007.03.007. PMID 17561082.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Peipert, Jeffrey F. (2004). "Actinomyces: Normal Flora or Pathogen?". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 104 (Supplement): 1132–1133. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000145267.59208.e7. ISSN 0029-7844.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Higashi Y, Nakamura S, Ashizawa N, Oshima K, Tanaka A, Miyazaki T, Izumikawa K, Yanagihara K, Yamamoto Y, Miyazaki Y, Mukae H, Kohno S (2017). "Pulmonary Actinomycosis Mimicking Pulmonary Aspergilloma and a Brief Review of the Literature". Intern. Med. 56 (4): 449–453. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7620. PMID 28202870.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Schaal KP, Lee HJ (1992). "Actinomycete infections in humans--a review". Gene. 115 (1–2): 201–11. PMID 1612438.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Brown, James R. (1973). "Human actinomycosisA study of 181 subjects". Human Pathology. 4 (3): 319–330. doi:10.1016/S0046-8177(73)80097-8. ISSN 0046-8177.
  8. ↑ Bowden GHW (1996). Actinomycosis in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al, eds.) (4th ed. ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. (via NCBI Bookshelf) ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.
  9. ↑ Holt JG (editor) (1994). Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (9th ed. ed.). Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-683-00603-7.
  10. ↑ Madigan M; Martinko J (editors). (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed. ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-144329-1.
  11. ↑ Agrawal P, Vaiphei K (2014). "Renal actinomycosis". BMJ Case Rep. 2014. doi:10.1136/bcr-2014-205892. PMC 4244330. PMID 25406215.
  12. ↑ Bonnefond S, Catroux M, Melenotte C, Karkowski L, Rolland L, Trouillier S, Raffray L (2016). "Clinical features of actinomycosis: A retrospective, multicenter study of 28 cases of miscellaneous presentations". Medicine (Baltimore). 95 (24): e3923. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000003923. PMC 4998488. PMID 27311002.
  13. ↑ Sung HY, Lee IS, Kim SI, Jung SE, Kim SW, Kim SY, Chung MK, Kim WC, Oh ST, Kang WK (2011). "Clinical features of abdominal actinomycosis: a 15-year experience of a single institute". J. Korean Med. Sci. 26 (7): 932–7. doi:10.3346/jkms.2011.26.7.932. PMC 3124725. PMID 21738348.
  14. ↑ Choi MM, Baek JH, Beak JH, Lee JN, Park S, Lee WS (2009). "Clinical features of abdominopelvic actinomycosis: report of twenty cases and literature review". Yonsei Med. J. 50 (4): 555–9. doi:10.3349/ymj.2009.50.4.555. PMC 2730619. PMID 19718405.
  15. ↑ Smego RA (1987). "Actinomycosis of the central nervous system". Rev Infect Dis. 9 (5): 855–65. PMID 3317731.
  16. ↑ Meethal AC, Pattamparambath M, Balan A, Kumar NR, Sathyabhama S (2016). "Actinomycotic Osteomyelitis of the Maxilla - A Delusive Presentation". J Clin Diagn Res. 10 (7): ZJ01–3. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2016/19171.8086. PMC 5020198. PMID 27630971.
  17. ↑ Shikino K, Ikusaka M, Takada T (2015). "Cervicofacial actinomycosis". J Gen Intern Med. 30 (2): 263. doi:10.1007/s11606-014-3001-z. PMC 4314475. PMID 25280832.
  18. ↑ Acevedo F, Baudrand R, Letelier LM, Gaete P (2008). "Actinomycosis: a great pretender. Case reports of unusual presentations and a review of the literature". Int. J. Infect. Dis. 12 (4): 358–62. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2007.10.006. PMID 18164641.
  19. ↑ Mani RK, Mishra V, Singh PK, Pradhan D (2017). "Pulmonary actinomycosis: a clinical surprise!". BMJ Case Rep. 2017. doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-218959. PMID 28130291.

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