Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mohsin, M.D.[2]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma are monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, heredity, hepatitis C and other autoimmune disorders, allergic conditions like hay fever and multiple environmental factors such as occupational (farming), pesticides, paint, rubber dyes,benzene, coal dust, leather manufacturing, wood dust, and organic solvents.
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma include:[1]
- Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS):
- Pre-existing monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance is the most common risk factor, associated with 40 times more likelihood of developing lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma.
- Heredity:
- Patients with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma usually have a close/first-degree relative with the disease or with a related B-cell disease, such as MGUS or certain types of lymphoma or leukemia.[2][3][4]
- Autoimmune Diseases:
- Personal and family history of autoimmune diseases with autoantibodies and chronic immune stimulation leads to 2-3 fold higher risk of developing LPL, especially elevated risks are associated with following:
- Patients with chronic hepatitis C infection have an overall 20-30% increased risk for developing Non-Hodgkin lymohoma and 3-fold increased risk for lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma.[4][5][6]
- HIV.[5]
- Rickettsiosis.[5]
- Sjogren syndrome.[7][8]
- Autoimmune hemolytic anemia.[7][8]
- Sarcoidosis.[9]
- SLE.[8]
- Personal and family history of autoimmune diseases with autoantibodies and chronic immune stimulation leads to 2-3 fold higher risk of developing LPL, especially elevated risks are associated with following:
- Allergic conditions:
- Hay fever is also known to be associated with increased risk of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma.
- Environmental factors:
- According to some recent studies, exposure to following environmental factors seems to have an association with the development of LPL:[10][11]
- Occupational (Farming).
- Pesticides.
- Paint.
- Rubber dyes.
- Benzene.
- Coal dust.
- Leather manufacturing.
- Wood dust.
- Organic solvents.
- According to some recent studies, exposure to following environmental factors seems to have an association with the development of LPL:[10][11]
References
- ↑ Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. American Cancer Society (2015)http://www.cancer.org/cancer/waldenstrommacroglobulinemia/detailedguide/waldenstrom-macroglobulinemia-risk-factors Accessed on November 6, 2015
- ↑ Treon SP, Hunter ZR, Aggarwal A, Ewen EP, Masota S, Lee C; et al. (2006). "Characterization of familial Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia". Ann Oncol. 17 (3): 488–94. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdj111. PMID 16357024.
- ↑ McMaster ML, Csako G, Giambarresi TR, Vasquez L, Berg M, Saddlemire S; et al. (2007). "Long-term evaluation of three multiple-case Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia families". Clin Cancer Res. 13 (17): 5063–9. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-0299. PMID 17785558.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kristinsson SY, Björkholm M, Goldin LR, McMaster ML, Turesson I, Landgren O (2008). "Risk of lymphoproliferative disorders among first-degree relatives of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia patients: a population-based study in Sweden". Blood. 112 (8): 3052–6. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-06-162768. PMC 2569164. PMID 18703425.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Koshiol J, Gridley G, Engels EA, McMaster ML, Landgren O (2008). "Chronic immune stimulation and subsequent Waldenström macroglobulinemia". Arch Intern Med. 168 (17): 1903–9. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2008.4. PMC 2670401. PMID 18809818.
- ↑ de Sanjose S, Benavente Y, Vajdic CM, Engels EA, Morton LM, Bracci PM; et al. (2008). "Hepatitis C and non-Hodgkin lymphoma among 4784 cases and 6269 controls from the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium". Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 6 (4): 451–8. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2008.02.011. PMC 3962672. PMID 18387498.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kristinsson SY, Koshiol J, Björkholm M, Goldin LR, McMaster ML, Turesson I; et al. (2010). "Immune-related and inflammatory conditions and risk of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma or Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia". J Natl Cancer Inst. 102 (8): 557–67. doi:10.1093/jnci/djq043. PMC 2857799. PMID 20181958.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Ekström Smedby K, Vajdic CM, Falster M, Engels EA, Martínez-Maza O, Turner J; et al. (2008). "Autoimmune disorders and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes: a pooled analysis within the InterLymph Consortium". Blood. 111 (8): 4029–38. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-10-119974. PMC 2288717. PMID 18263783.
- ↑ Landgren O, Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Gridley G, Mellemkjaer L, Olsen JH; et al. (2006). "Autoimmunity and susceptibility to Hodgkin lymphoma: a population-based case-control study in Scandinavia". J Natl Cancer Inst. 98 (18): 1321–30. doi:10.1093/jnci/djj361. PMID 16985251.
- ↑ Royer RH, Koshiol J, Giambarresi TR, Vasquez LG, Pfeiffer RM, McMaster ML (2010). "Differential characteristics of Waldenström macroglobulinemia according to patterns of familial aggregation". Blood. 115 (22): 4464–71. doi:10.1182/blood-2009-10-247973. PMC 2881498. PMID 20308603.
- ↑ Vajdic CM, Landgren O, McMaster ML, Slager SL, Brooks-Wilson A, Smith A; et al. (2014). "Medical history, lifestyle, family history, and occupational risk factors for lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenström's macroglobulinemia: the InterLymph Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Subtypes Project". J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2014 (48): 87–97. doi:10.1093/jncimonographs/lgu002. PMC 4155457. PMID 25174029.