Horseshoe kidney physical examination

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

Patients with horseshoe kidney usually appear well and in majority of cases horseshoe kidney is an incidental finding during radiological examination. Physical examination of patients with horseshoe kidney is usually remarkable for abdominal distension, palpable kidney, costovertebral tenderness and palpable bladder.

Physical Examination

Physical examination of patients with horseshoe kidney is usually remarkable for abdominal distension, palpable kidney, costovertebral tenderness and palpable bladder.

Appearance of the Patient

  • Patients with horseshoe kidney usually appear well

Vital Signs

  • High grade/low grade fever if infection is present
  • Tachycardia with a regular pulse because of the fever which is due to infection.
  • High blood pressure due to salt retention.

Skin

  • Skin examination of patients with horseshoe kidney is usually normal.

HEENT

  • HEENT examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.

OR

  • Abnormalities of the head/hair may include ___
  • Evidence of trauma
  • Icteric sclera
  • Nystagmus
  • Extra-ocular movements may be abnormal
  • Pupils non-reactive to light / non-reactive to accommodation / non-reactive to neither light nor accommodation
  • Ophthalmoscopic exam may be abnormal with findings of ___
  • Hearing acuity may be reduced
  • Weber test may be abnormal (Note: A positive Weber test is considered a normal finding / A negative Weber test is considered an abnormal finding. To avoid confusion, you may write "abnormal Weber test".)
  • Rinne test may be positive (Note: A positive Rinne test is considered a normal finding / A negative Rinne test is considered an abnormal finding. To avoid confusion, you may write "abnormal Rinne test".)
  • Exudate from the ear canal
  • Tenderness upon palpation of the ear pinnae/tragus (anterior to ear canal)
  • Inflamed nares / congested nares
  • Purulent exudate from the nares
  • Facial tenderness
  • Erythematous throat with/without tonsillar swelling, exudates, and/or petechiae

Neck

  • Neck examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.

OR

Lungs

  • Pulmonary examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.

OR

  • Asymmetric chest expansion OR decreased chest expansion
  • Lungs are hyporesonant OR hyperresonant
  • Fine/coarse crackles upon auscultation of the lung bases/apices unilaterally/bilaterally
  • Rhonchi
  • Vesicular breath sounds OR distant breath sounds
  • Expiratory wheezing OR inspiratory wheezing with normal OR delayed expiratory phase
  • Wheezing may be present
  • Egophony present/absent
  • Bronchophony present/absent
  • Normal/reduced tactile fremitus

Heart

  • Cardiovascular examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.

OR

  • Chest tenderness upon palpation
  • PMI within 2 cm of the sternum (PMI) / Displaced point of maximal impulse (PMI) suggestive of ____
  • Heave / thrill
  • Friction rub
  • S1
  • S2
  • S3
  • S4
  • Gallops
  • A high/low grade early/late systolic murmur / diastolic murmur best heard at the base/apex/(specific valve region) may be heard using the bell/diaphgram of the otoscope

Abdomen

  • Abdominal examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.

OR

Back

  • Back examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.

OR

  • Point tenderness over __ vertebrae (e.g. L3-L4)
  • Sacral edema
  • Costovertebral angle tenderness bilaterally/unilaterally
  • Buffalo hump

Genitourinary

  • Genitourinary examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.

OR

  • A pelvic/adnexal mass may be palpated
  • Inflamed mucosa
  • Clear/(color), foul-smelling/odorless penile/vaginal discharge

Neuromuscular

  • Neuromuscular examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.

OR

  • Patient is usually oriented to persons, place, and time
  • Altered mental status
  • Glasgow coma scale is ___ / 15
  • Clonus may be present
  • Hyperreflexia / hyporeflexia / areflexia
  • Positive (abnormal) Babinski / plantar reflex unilaterally/bilaterally
  • Muscle rigidity
  • Proximal/distal muscle weakness unilaterally/bilaterally
  • ____ (finding) suggestive of cranial nerve ___ (roman numerical) deficit (e.g. Dilated pupils suggestive of CN III deficit)
  • Unilateral/bilateral upper/lower extremity weakness
  • Unilateral/bilateral sensory loss in the upper/lower extremity
  • Positive straight leg raise test
  • Abnormal gait (describe gait: e.g. ataxic (cerebellar) gait / steppage gait / waddling gait / choeiform gait / Parkinsonian gait / sensory gait)
  • Positive/negative Trendelenburg sign
  • Unilateral/bilateral tremor (describe tremor, e.g. at rest, pill-rolling)
  • Normal finger-to-nose test / Dysmetria
  • Absent/present dysdiadochokinesia (palm tapping test)

Extremities

  • Extremities examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.

OR

  • Clubbing
  • Cyanosis
  • Pitting/non-pitting edema of the upper/lower extremities
  • Muscle atrophy
  • Fasciculations in the upper/lower extremity

References

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