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1. SOB 2. Chest pain 3. Cough 4. Cyanosis

Tachypnea

Organ system	Diseases	Clinical manifestations									Diagnosis
		Symptoms				Physical exam					Diagnosis
		Chest pain	Dyspnea	Fever	Palpitations	Cyanosis	Tachypnea	JVD	Peripheral edema	Ascultation	ABGs	Lab findings	Imaging	PFT	Gold standard
Pulmonary system	Pneumothorax
	Pulmonary embolism
	Pneumonia
	Exacerbation of asthma/COPD
	Interstitial lung disease
	Intrapulmonary shunt
	Upper airway obstruction
	High altitude sickness
Cardiovascular system	Acute coronary syndrome
	Heart failure
	Dysrhythmias
	Shock
Metabolic/Systemic disorders	Diabetic ketoacidosis
	Hypocalcemia
	Hypoglycemia
Endocrine system	Hyperthyroidism
Endocrine system	Pheochromocytoma
CNS	Central nervous system tumor
CNS	Anxiety/panic attacks
Others	Pregnancy
	Hepatic failure
	Sepsis

Bradypnea

Diseases	Clinical manifestations										Diagnosis					Associated features
	Symptoms						Physical exam				Diagnosis
	Chest pain	Dyspnea	Orthopnea	Fever	Palpitations	Poor quality sleep	Cyanosis	JVD	Peripheral edema	Auscultation	ABGs	Lab findings	Imaging	Spirometry	Gold standard
Central hypoventilation syndrome CHS	-	+	+	-	+/-	+	+	+/-	+/-	Normal	↓O2, ↑CO2	PHOX2B screening testing via fragment analysis or sequencing tests Polysomnography	Brain MRI (exclude other brainstem lesions)	Normal	Molecular testing for PHOX2B mutations	Hirschsprung disease Neural crest tumors Box-shaped face Meiosis Strabismus
Asphyxia	-	+	+/-	-	+/-	+	+	+/-	+/-	Systolic murmur	↓O2, ↑CO2	Abnormal renal function tests Cardiac troponin T and I ↑	CXR typically shows cardiomegaly Echocardiography (to exclude other structural heart diseases)	Normal	The fetal biophysical profile score (BPS) shows loss of accelerations of the fetal heart rate, decreased body movement, breathing, hypotonia and decreased amniotic fluid volume	Acute respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) Necrotizing enterocolitis
Chiari II malformation (Arnold-Chiari)	-	+	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	Stridor	Normal	_	CT Scan of Brain (hydrocephalus, herniated cerebellar tonsils, and a flattened spinal cord)	_	MRI Brain	Myelomeningocele Hydrocephalus
Spinal muscular atrophy	-	+	+	-	+/-	+	+	-	-	Stridor	_	Electromyography shows fibrillations and positive sharp waves	_	_	Molecular genetic testing by detection of homozygous deletions of exons 7 of the SMN1 gene	Progressive muscle weakness and atrophy
Guillain-Barré syndrome	-	+	+/-	-	+	+/-	-	-	-	Diminished breath sounds Absence of bowel sound	↓O2, ↑CO2	Albuminocytologic dissociation on CSF analysis	MRI shows selective anterior nerve root enhancement	↓FEV1 ↓FVC ↓TLC	Nerve conduction studies (NCS) and needle electromyography (EMG)	Preceded by mild respiratory or GIT infection Ascending fashion of weakness
Phrenic nerve injury	+/-	+	+	+/-	-	+/-	-	-	-	Normal	Normal	CBC (to rule out anemia as the cause of dyspnea) Thyroid function tests	CXR shows unilateral or bilateral diaphragmatic flattening	↓Vt, ↑RV (anatomical)	Fluoroscopic "sniff" test ( diaphragmatic movement is observed fluoroscopically while the patient sniffs forcefully)	Respiratory insufficiency
Myasthenia gravis	-	+	+/-	-	-	+	-	-	-	Paradoxical abdominal breathing	↓O2, ↑CO2	Anti-AChR ab Anti–striated muscle ab Anti-MuSK ab	CT may show anterior mediastinal mass (thymoma)	↓FEV1,↓FVC ↓TLC	Anti–acetylcholine receptor antibody test	Ptosis Diplopia Fatigue
Muscular dystrophy^[1]^[2]	+/-	+	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	Mid-systolic murmur	↓O2, ↑CO2	Elevated CPK levels ECG shows right ventricular strain	Ultrasonography shows increased echogenicity in the affected muscles	↓FVC, ↓PEF	Genetic testing for mutation of the dystrophin gene (DMD)	Waddling, wide- based gait Gower sign
Pneumonia	+	+	+/-	+	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	Wheeze, Rhonchi and Crackles	Normal	↑WBC (neutrophilia)	Lobar consolidation	Normal	Normal	Productive cough
Aspiration	+/-	+	+/-	+	+/-	+/-	+	-	-	Diminished breath sounds	Normal	↑WBC Blood cultures	CXR shows atelectasis	↓Vt, ↑RV	Bronchoscopy	Choking
Obstructive sleep apnea^[3]	+	+	+/-	-	+/-	+	+/-	+/-	+/-	Wheeze Systolic ejection murmur	↓O2, ↑CO2	Polysomnography	MRI shows enlarged adenoids, tonsils and soft palate	↑FRC	Polysomnography	Loud snoring Depression Hypertension Coronary artery disease
Pulmonary hypoplasia	-	+	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+	-	-	Breath sounds may be decreased or absent on the side of hypoplasia	↓O2, ↑CO2	Abnormal BMP Echocardiography is done to rule out cardiac complications	CXR shows crowded ribs and low thoracic-to- abdominal ratio CT scan of chest	↑RV	_	Myopathic facies
Metabolic alkalosis	-	+	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	_	↓O2, ↑CO2	Serum Anion Gap is elevated Abnormal Urine Sodium Ion Concentration	_	_	_	Hypokalemia
Sepsis	-	+	-	+	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	Normal	↓O2, ↑CO2	CBC shows ↑WBC (neutrophilia)	Normal	Normal	SIRS criteria	Chills Confusion
ROHHAD^[4]^[5]^[6]	-	+	+/-	-	+/-	+	+/-	-	-	Displaced cardiac impulse Loud pulmonic second heart sound	↓O2, ↑CO2	Abnormal Serum bicarbonate levels Attended laboratory nocturnal polysomnography	Lateral neck radiographs shows airway narrowing CXR shows chest wall deformity	↓TV	_	Hypothalamic endocrine manifestations Tumors of neural crest origin

Obstructive lung Diseases

Diseases	Clinical manifestations										Diagnosis
	Symptoms					Physical exam					Lab findings	PFT				Imaging			Gold standard	Other features
	Cough	Dyspnea	Hemoptysis	Fever	Weight loss	Cyanosis	Clubbing	JVD	Peripheral edema	Auscultation		ABGs	FEV1/FVC	TLC	DLCO	Imaging
	Cough	Dyspnea	Hemoptysis	Fever	Weight loss	Cyanosis	Clubbing	JVD	Peripheral edema	Auscultation		ABGs	FEV1/FVC	TLC	DLCO	CXR	CT scan	Other
Asthma
Chronic bronchitis
Bronchiolitis
Emphysema
Bronchiectasis
Central airway obstruction (Benign/Malignant lung mass)
Heart failure
Tuberculosis
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis

Restrictive lung Diseases

Diseases	Clinical manifestations										Diagnosis
	Symptoms				Physical exam						Lab findings	PFT				Imaging			Gold standard	Other features
	Cough	Dyspnea	Hemoptysis	Fever	Environmental/Occupational exposure	Cyanosis	Clubbing	JVD	Peripheral edema	Auscultation		ABGs	FEV1/FVC	TLC	DLCO	Imaging
	Cough	Dyspnea	Hemoptysis	Fever	Environmental/Occupational exposure	Cyanosis	Clubbing	JVD	Peripheral edema	Auscultation		ABGs	FEV1/FVC	TLC	DLCO	CXR	CT scan	Other
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome	-	+	-	-	Inciting event, such as Trauma Sepsis Drug overdose Massive transfusion Acute pancreatitis Aspiration	+	-	-	-
Asbestosis	+	+	+/-	-	Ship yard workers
Bronchitis
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis
Emphysema
Eosinophilic Pneumonia
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Interstitial (Nonidiopathic) Pulmonary Fibrosis
Lung Transplantation
Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia
Obesity
Pulmonary Eosinophilia

Wheeze

↑ Takasugi T, Ishihara T, Kawamura J, Sasaki K, Toyoda T, Oosumi M; et al. (1995). "[Blood gas changes in Duchenne type muscular dystrophy]". Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi. 33 (1): 17–22. PMID 7699962.
↑ Mayer OH, Finkel RS, Rummey C, Benton MJ, Glanzman AM, Flickinger J; et al. (2015). "Characterization of pulmonary function in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy". Pediatr Pulmonol. 50 (5): 487–94. doi:10.1002/ppul.23172. PMC 4402127. PMID 25755201.
↑ Abdeyrim A, Zhang Y, Li N, Zhao M, Wang Y, Yao X; et al. (2015). "Impact of obstructive sleep apnea on lung volumes and mechanical properties of the respiratory system in overweight and obese individuals". BMC Pulm Med. 15: 76. doi:10.1186/s12890-015-0063-6. PMC 4513967. PMID 26209328.
↑ duRivage SK, Winter RJ, Brouillette RT, Hunt CE, Noah Z (1985). "Idiopathic hypothalamic dysfunction and impaired control of breathing". Pediatrics. 75 (5): 896–8. PMID 3991276.
↑ FISHMAN LS, SAMSON JH, SPERLING DR (1965). "PRIMARY ALVEOLAR HYPOVENTILATION SYNDROME (ONDINE'S CURSE)". Am J Dis Child. 110: 155–61. PMID 14320765.
↑ Paz-Priel I, Cooke DW, Chen AR (2011). "Cyclophosphamide for rapid-onset obesity, hypothalamic dysfunction, hypoventilation, and autonomic dysregulation syndrome". J Pediatr. 158 (2): 337–9. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.07.006. PMC 3976575. PMID 20727534.

[pmid7699962-1] Takasugi T, Ishihara T, Kawamura J, Sasaki K, Toyoda T, Oosumi M; et al. (1995). "[Blood gas changes in Duchenne type muscular dystrophy]". Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi. 33 (1): 17–22. PMID 7699962.

[pmid25755201-2] Mayer OH, Finkel RS, Rummey C, Benton MJ, Glanzman AM, Flickinger J; et al. (2015). "Characterization of pulmonary function in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy". Pediatr Pulmonol. 50 (5): 487–94. doi:10.1002/ppul.23172. PMC 4402127. PMID 25755201.

[pmid26209328-3] Abdeyrim A, Zhang Y, Li N, Zhao M, Wang Y, Yao X; et al. (2015). "Impact of obstructive sleep apnea on lung volumes and mechanical properties of the respiratory system in overweight and obese individuals". BMC Pulm Med. 15: 76. doi:10.1186/s12890-015-0063-6. PMC 4513967. PMID 26209328.

[pmid3991276-4] uRivage SK, Winter RJ, Brouillette RT, Hunt CE, Noah Z (1985). "Idiopathic hypothalamic dysfunction and impaired control of breathing". Pediatrics. 75 (5): 896–8. PMID 3991276.

[pmid14320765-5] FISHMAN LS, SAMSON JH, SPERLING DR (1965). "PRIMARY ALVEOLAR HYPOVENTILATION SYNDROME (ONDINE'S CURSE)". Am J Dis Child. 110: 155–61. PMID 14320765.

[pmid20727534-6] Paz-Priel I, Cooke DW, Chen AR (2011). "Cyclophosphamide for rapid-onset obesity, hypothalamic dysfunction, hypoventilation, and autonomic dysregulation syndrome". J Pediatr. 158 (2): 337–9. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.07.006. PMC 3976575. PMID 20727534.

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Contents

Tachypnea

Bradypnea

Obstructive lung Diseases

Restrictive lung Diseases

Wheeze

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