Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics

Revision as of 15:13, 27 November 2017 by Mahda (talk | contribs)
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Lactose Intolerance Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Lactose Intolerance from Other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

Chest X Ray

CT

MRI

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics

CDC on Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics

Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics in the news

Blogs on Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics

Directions to Hospitals Treating Lactose intolerance

Risk calculators and risk factors for Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahda Alihashemi M.D. [2]

Overview

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

  • The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
  • In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.

Prevalence

  • The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
  • In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
  • The prevalence of [disease/malignancy] is estimated to be [number] cases annually.

Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate

  • In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [number range]%.
  • The case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [disease name] is approximately [number range].

Age

  • The prevalence of lactose intoleance are low in children younger than six years and increases with age [2,3].
  • The prevalence of lactose intoleance inceresed with age
  • Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
  • The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
  • [Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.
  • [Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].
  • [Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].

Race

  • There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
  • Lactose intolerance usually affects individuals of the:
    • African Americans
    • Hispanics
    • Asians
    • Asian Americans
    • Native Americans
  • Europeans and European Americans individuals are less likely to develop lactose intolerance.
  • Countries with high rates of lactase intolerance in Africa include:
    • South Nigerian
    • Hausa, Bantu
  • Countries with low rates of lactase intolerance in Africa include:
    • Hima
    • Tutsi
    • Nomadic Fulani

Gender

  • [Disease name] affects men and women equally.
  • [Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

Region

  • The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].
  • [Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].
  • e lowest prevalence in Europeans and European Americans and higher prevalence in African Americans, Hispanics, Asians, Asian Americans, and Native Americans. In Africa, some ethnic groups have high rates of lactase intolerance (South Nigerian, Hausa, Bantu), while others have low rates (Hima, Tutsi, nomadic Fulani). The prevalence of lactose malabsorption and intolerance are low in children younger than six years and increases with age [2,3].

Developed Countries

Developing Countries

References

Template:WH Template:WS

Lactose Intolerance Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Lactose Intolerance from Other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

Chest X Ray

CT

MRI

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics

CDC on Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics

Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics in the news

Blogs on Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics

Directions to Hospitals Treating Lactose intolerance

Risk calculators and risk factors for Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [3]

Overview

An estimated 70%[1] of adult humans are considered lactose intolerant, it is uncommon in healthy northern westerners and a few others groups. Between 30 and 50 million Americans are lactose intolerant and certain ethnic and racial populations are more affected than others. Up to 80 percent of African Americans, 80 to 100 percent of American Indians, and 90 to 100 percent of Asian Americans are lactose intolerant. The condition is least common among people of northern European descent.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence and Prevalence

Human groups Individuals Examined Percent Intolerant Allele frequency
Dutch N/A 1%[2] N/A
Swedes N/A 2%[3] 0.14
Europeans in Australia 160 4%[3] 0.20
White people of Northern European and Scandinavian descent N/A 5%[4][5] N/A
Danes N/A 5%[6] N/A
British 5–15%[7] N/A
Swiss N/A 10%[3] 0.316
White Americans 245 12%[3] 0.346
Tuareg N/A 13%[7] N/A
Germans N/A 15%[7] N/A
Austrians N/A 15–20%[7] N/A
Eastern Slavs (Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians) N/A 15%[8] N/A
Northern French N/A 17%[7] N/A
Finns 134 18%[3] 0.424
Central Italians 65 19%[9] N/A
Indian Children N/A 20%[4][5] N/A
African Tutsi N/A 20%[3] 0.447
African Fulani N/A 23%[3] 0.48
Bedouins N/A 25%[7] N/A
Northern Indians N/A 27%[10] N/A
African American Children N/A 45%[4] N/A
Indian Adults 150 50%[4][5][11] N/A
Southern Italians 51 41%[9] N/A
Saami (in Russia and Finland) N/A 25–60%[12] N/A
Northern Italians 89 52%[9] N/A
North American Hispanics N/A 53%[7] N/A
Balkans N/A 55%[7] N/A
Mexican American Males N/A 55%[4][5] N/A
Cretans N/A 56%[4] N/A
African Maasai 21 62%[13] N/A
Southern French N/A 65%[7] N/A
Greek Cypriots N/A 66%[4][5] N/A
North American Jews N/A 68.8%[4][5] N/A
Southern Indians N/A 70%[10] N/A
Sicilians 100 71%[14][15] N/A
South Americans N/A 65–75%[7] N/A
Rural Mexicans N/A 73.8%[4][5] N/A
African Americans 20 75%[3] 0.87
Kazakhs from northwest Xinjiang 195 76.4% [16]
Lebanese 75 78%[17] N/A
Central Asians N/A 80%[7] N/A
Alaskan Eskimo N/A 80%[4][5] N/A
Australian Aborigines 44 85%[3] 0.922
Inner Mongolians 198 87.9%[16]
African Bantu 59 89%[3] 0.943
Asian Americans N/A 90%[4][5] N/A
Northeastern Han Chinese 248 92.3%[16]
Chinese 71 93%[3] 0.964
Southeast Asians N/A 98%[4][5] N/A
Thais 134 98%[3] 0.99
Native Americans 24 100%[3] 1.00

The statistical significance varies greatly depending on number of people sampled.

Lactose Intolerance by Region (African countries are only a rough guess)

Age

Lactose intolerance levels also increase with age. At ages 2 - 3 yrs., 6 yrs., and 9 - 10 yrs., the amount of lactose intolerance is, respectively:

  • 6% to 15% in white Americans and northern Europeans
  • 18%, 30%, and 47% in Mexican Americans
  • 25%, 45%, and 60% in black South Africans
  • Approximately 30%, 80%, and 85% in Chinese and Japanese
  • 30–55%, 90%, and >90% in Mestizos of Peru[18][19]

Chinese and Japanese populations typically lose between 80 and 90 percent of their ability to digest lactose within three to four years of weaning.

Race

Ashkenazi Jews can keep 20 - 30 percent of their ability to digest lactose for many years.[18][20][21] Of the 10% of the Northern European population that develops lactose intolerance, the development of lactose intolerance is a gradual process spread out over as many as 20 years.[22]Most Japanese can consume 200 ml (8 fl oz) of milk without severe symptoms.[23]

References

  1. Kretchmer N. Lactose and lactase: a historical perspective. Gastroenterology, 1971;61, 805–813
  2. Genetics of lactose digestion in humans., Flatz, G. , Advances in Human Genetics, 1987
  3. 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 Lactose and Lactase, Norman Kretchmer, Scientific American, October, 1972
  4. 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 Identification of a variant associated with adult-type hypolactasia, Enattah NS, Sahi T, Savilahti E, Terwilliger JD, Peltonen L, Jarvela I, Nat Genet. 2002 Feb;30(2):233–7
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Lactose Intolerance: The Molecular Explanation, UC Davis Nutritional Genomics website
  6. Anne Charlotte Jäger, "Laktose-intolerans: Gentest for laktose-intolerans - hurtig og billig diagnostik", DSKB-NYT, no. 1, February 2006.
  7. 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 Michael de Vrese, Anna Stegelmann, Bernd Richter, Susanne Fenselau, Christiane Laue and Jürgen Schrezenmeir,"Probiotics—compensation for lactase insufficiency", American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 73, No. 2, 421S-429s, February 2001.
  8. Prevalence of the lactase deficiency among the population of the northwestern region of Russia
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 Primary adult lactose malabsorption in Italy: regional differences in prevalence and relationship to lactose intolerance and milk consumption, LT Cavalli-Sforza, A Strata, A Barone and L Cucurachi, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol 45, 748–754, 1987
  10. 10.0 10.1 Lactose intolerance in North and South Indians, Tandon RK, Joshi YK, Singh DS, Narendranathan M, Balakrishnan V, Lal K., Am J Clin Nutr 1981;35:943–6, 1981.
  11. Lactose malabsorption in apparently healthy adults in northern India, assessed using lactose hydrogen breath test, Rana SV, Bhasin DK, Naik N, Indian Journal of Gastroenterology, Volume 23, Issue 2, p. 78, 2004
  12. A. Kozlov, D. Lisitsyn, "Hypolactasia in Saami subpopulations of Russia and Finland", Anthropologischer Anzeiger, 55(3-4):281–287, 1997.
  13. Lactose malabsorption among Masai children of East Africa, RT Jackson, MC Latham, Am J Clin Nutr. 1979 Apr;32(4):779–82.
  14. Prevalence of primary adult lactose malabsorption and awareness of milk intolerance in Italy, G Roberto Burgio, Gebhard Flatz, Cristiana Barbera, Rosario Patan, Attilio Boner, Cinzia Cajozzo, and Sibylle D Flaiz, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 39: pp 100–104, January 1984.
  15. Lactose Intolerance, Tuula H. Vesa, Philippe Marteau, and Riitta Korpela, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 19, No. 90002, 165S-175S (2000)
  16. 16.0 16.1 16.2 Prevalence of primary adult lactose malabsorption in three populations of northern China, Wang YG, Yan YS, Xu JJ, Du RF, Flatz SD, Kühnau W, Flatz G., Hum Genet. 1984;67(1):103-6.
  17. Lactose intolerance in the Lebanese population and in “Mediterranean lymphoma”, Salah M. Nasrallah, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 32 , pp. 1994–1996, October, 1979.
  18. 18.0 18.1 Genetics and epidemiology of adult-type hypolactasia, Sahi T., Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl ;29:202:7–20, 1994
  19. Lactose malabsorption in Mexican-American children, Woteki CE, Weser E, Young EA, Am J Clin Nutr;29:19–24, 1976
  20. Genetics of lactose digestion in humans, Flatz G., Adv Hum Genet ;16:1 - 77, 1987
  21. Genetics of lactase persistence and lactose intolerance, Swallow DM., Annu Rev Genet ;37:197 - 219, 2003.
  22. Systemic lactose intolerance: a new perspective on an old problem, S B Matthews, J P Waud, A G Roberts and A K Campbell, Postgraduate Medical Journal;81:167 - 173, 2005.
  23. Studies on the etiology of milk intolerance in Japanese adults, Yoshida Y, Sasaki G, Goto S, Yanagiya S, Takashina K, Gastroenterol Jpn.;10(1):29–34, 1975

Template:WS Template:WH