Prostatitis overview
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maliha Shakil, M.D. [2]
Overview
Prostatitis is an inflammation of the prostate. Because women do not have a prostate gland, it is a condition found only in men, although women do have microscopic paraurethral Skene's glands connected to the distal third of the urethra in the prevaginal space that are homologous to the prostate, and may cause symptoms. The term prostatitis refers, in its strictest sense, to histological (microscopic) inflammation of the tissue of the prostate gland. Like all forms of inflammation, it can be associated with an appropriate response of the body to an infection, but it also occurs in the absence of an infection.
Classification
According to the International Prostatitis Collaboration Network, prostatitis may be classified into 5 subtypes based on the duration of symptoms and evidence of bacterial infection / inflammation into either acute bacterial prostatitis, chronic bacterial prostatitis, inflammatory chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, non-inflammatory chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, or asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis.[1]
Pathophysiology
The exact pathogenesis of bacterial prostatitis is not yet fully understood. Two possible theories include ascending urethral infection and the reflux of urine via the ejaculatory and prostatic ducts.[2][3] The pathogenesis of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome includes stress-driven hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction and adrenocortical hormone (endocrine) abnormalities, neurogenic inflammation, and myofascial pain syndrome.[4] On microscopic histopathologic analysis, prostatitis may be characterized by either neutrophils or lymphocytes within the glands, between the epithelial cells or within the stroma.[5][6]
Causes
Differential Diagnosis
Epidemiology and demographics
Risk Factors
References
- ↑ Krieger JN, Nyberg L, Nickel JC (1999). "NIH consensus definition and classification of prostatitis". JAMA. 282 (3): 236–7. PMID 10422990.
- ↑ Stevermer JJ, Easley SK (2000). "Treatment of prostatitis". Am Fam Physician. 61 (10): 3015–22, 3025–6. PMID 10839552.
- ↑ Sharp VJ, Takacs EB, Powell CR (2010). "Prostatitis: diagnosis and treatment". Am Fam Physician. 82 (4): 397–406. PMID 20704171.
- ↑ Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Wikipedia 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_prostatitis/chronic_pelvic_pain_syndrome. Accessed on March 2, 2016
- ↑ Prostate Gland.Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/Prostate_gland#Acute_inflammation_of_the_prostate_gland. Accessed on March 2, 2016
- ↑ Prostate Gland.Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/Prostate_gland#Chronic_inflammation_not_otherwise_specified. Accessed on March 2, 2016