Dysarthria
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Zehra Malik, M.B.B.S[2]
Synonyms and keywords:
Overview
Historical Perspective
- The term dysarthria is derived from New Latin.
- 'Dys' means dysfunctional/impaired and 'arthr' means joint/vocal articulation.[1]
Classification
Type of Dysarthria | Area of Lesion | Main Feature |
Flaccid | Bilateral/unilateral lower motor neuron | Weakness, hyporeflexia, lack of normal muscle tone |
Spastic | Bilateral upper motor neuron(UMN) | Weakness, hyperreflexia, hypertonicity |
Unilateral UMN | Unilateral upper motor neuron | Weakness, reduced ROM, decreased fine motor control of tongue & lips |
Ataxic | Cerebellum | Poorly coordinated movements of speech mechanism, scanning/drunken speech |
Hyper-kinetic | Basal ganglia | Quick involuntary movements (hyperkinesis) |
Hypo-kinetic | Basal ganglia | Less movement (hypokinesis), increased muscle tone |
Mixed | More that one type of dysarthria co-exist | Mixed presentation |
Pathophysiology
- Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder, marked by poor articulation caused by neuromuscular impairment.[4]
- Neurological deficit in CNS and/or PNS causes weakness and/or paralysis of muscles responsible for speech.
- Following subsystems contribute to speech formation, impairment of these subsystems results into poor perceptual speech:[5]
Causes
TPathology | Disease | |
Lower motor neuron | Myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy, | |
Spastic | Bilateral upper motor neuron(UMN) | Weakness, hyperreflexia, hypertonicity |
Unilateral UMN | Unilateral upper motor neuron | Weakness, reduced ROM, decreased fine motor control of tongue & lips |
Ataxic | Cerebellum | Poorly coordinated movements of speech mechanism, scanning/drunken speech |
Hyper-kinetic | Basal ganglia | Quick involuntary movements (hyperkinesis) |
Hypo-kinetic | Basal ganglia | Less movement (hypokinesis), increased muscle tone |
Mixed | More that one type of dysarthria co-exist | Mixed presentation |
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- Botulism
- Brain injury
- Brain tumor
- Cerebral palsy
- Huntington's disease
- Multiple sclerosis
- Myasthenia gravis
- Parkinsonism
- Stroke
- Wilson's disease
Differentiating ((Page name)) from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
The articulation problems that dysarthria causes can be treated together with a speech language pathologist using a range of techniques which sometimes includes strengthening the speech musculature. Devices that make coping with dysarthria easier include speech synthesis software and text-based telephones.
References
- ↑ "Definition of DYSARTHRIA". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2020-03-07.
- ↑ Duffy, Joseph R.; Josephs, Keith A. (2012). "The Diagnosis and Understanding of Apraxia of Speech: Why Including Neurodegenerative Etiologies May Be Important". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 55 (5). doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2012/11-0309). ISSN 1092-4388.
- ↑ 1459-Blanchet%20(1).pdf
- ↑ O'Sullivan, S. B.; Schmitz, T. J. (2007). Physical Rehabilitation (5th ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company
- ↑ Mackenzie C (April 2011). "Dysarthria in stroke: a narrative review of its description and the outcome of intervention". Int J Speech Lang Pathol. 13 (2): 125–36. doi:10.3109/17549507.2011.524940. PMID 21480809.