Sandbox:Sahar

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Germ cell
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Pathogenesis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Malignant transformation
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mature teratoma
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Tumors esxpressing transcription factors of pluripotency
 
Tumors with primitive embryonic ectoderm, mesoderm, and/or endoderm differentiation
 
Tumors with extraembroyonic differentiation
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Dysgerminoma/Embryonal carcinoma
 
Immature teratoma
 
Yolk sac tumor/Choriocarcinoma
 
Possible genetic alteration in epithelial ovarian cancers
Tumor size FIGO stage Finding
T1 I Growth limited to the ovaries
T1a Ia Growth limited to one ovary; no ascites present containing malignant cells. No tumor on the external surface; capsule intact
T1b Ib Growth limited to both ovaries; no ascites present containing malignant cells. No tumor on the external surfaces; capsules intact
T1c Ic Tumor either stage Ia or Ib, but with the tumor on surface of one or both ovaries, or with capsule ruptured, or with ascites present containing malignant cells, or with positive peritoneal washings
T2 II Growth involving one or both ovaries with pelvic extension
T2a IIa Extension and/or metastases to the uterus and/or tubes
T2b IIb Extension to other pelvic tissues
T2c IIc Tumor either stage IIa or IIb, but with the tumor on surface of one or both ovaries, or with capsule(s) ruptured, or with ascites present containing malignant cells, or with positive peritoneal washings
T3 III Tumor involving one or both ovaries with histologically confirmed peritoneal implants outside the pelvis and/or positive regional lymph nodes. Superficial liver metastases equal stage III. The tumor is limited to the true pelvis, but with histologically proven malignant extension to small bowel or omentum
T3a IIIa Tumor grossly limited to the true pelvis, with negative nodes, but with histologically confirmed microscopic seeding of abdominal peritoneal surfaces, or histologic proven extension to small bowel or mesentery
T3b IIIb Tumor of one or both ovaries with histologically confirmed implants, peritoneal metastasis of abdominal peritoneal surfaces, none exceeding 2 cm in diameter; nodes are negative
T3c IIIc Peritoneal metastasis beyond the pelvis >2 cm in diameter and/or positive regional lymph nodes
AnyT IV Growth involving one or both ovaries with distant metastases. If pleural effusion is present, there must be positive cytology to allow a case to stage IV. Parenchymal liver metastasis equals stage IV.
Possible genetic alteration in epithelial ovarian cancers
Tumor size FIGO stage Finding
T1 I Growth limited to the ovaries
T1a Ia Growth limited to one ovary; no ascites present containing malignant cells. No tumor on the external surface; capsule intact
T1b Ib Growth limited to both ovaries; no ascites present containing malignant cells. No tumor on the external surfaces; capsules intact
T1c Ic Tumor either stage Ia or Ib, but with the tumor on surface of one or both ovaries, or with capsule ruptured, or with ascites present containing malignant cells, or with positive peritoneal washings
T2 II Growth involving one or both ovaries with pelvic extension
T2a IIa Extension and/or metastases to the uterus and/or tubes
T2b IIb Extension to other pelvic tissues
T2c IIc Tumor either stage IIa or IIb, but with the tumor on surface of one or both ovaries, or with capsule(s) ruptured, or with ascites present containing malignant cells, or with positive peritoneal washings
T3 III Tumor involving one or both ovaries with histologically confirmed peritoneal implants outside the pelvis and/or positive regional lymph nodes. Superficial liver metastases equal stage III. The tumor is limited to the true pelvis, but with histologically proven malignant extension to small bowel or omentum
T3a IIIa Tumor grossly limited to the true pelvis, with negative nodes, but with histologically confirmed microscopic seeding of abdominal peritoneal surfaces, or histologic proven extension to small bowel or mesentery
T3b IIIb Tumor of one or both ovaries with histologically confirmed implants, peritoneal metastasis of abdominal peritoneal surfaces, none exceeding 2 cm in diameter; nodes are negative
T3c IIIc Peritoneal metastasis beyond the pelvis >2 cm in diameter and/or positive regional lymph nodes
AnyT IV Growth involving one or both ovaries with distant metastases. If pleural effusion is present, there must be positive cytology to allow a case to stage IV. Parenchymal liver metastasis equals stage IV
Possible genetic alteration in epithelial ovarian cancers
Tumor size FIGO stage Finding
T1 I Growth limited to the ovaries
T1a Ia Growth limited to one ovary; no ascites present containing malignant cells. No tumor on the external surface; capsule intact
T1b Ib Growth limited to both ovaries; no ascites present containing malignant cells. No tumor on the external surfaces; capsules intact
T1c Ic Tumor either stage Ia or Ib, but with the tumor on surface of one or both ovaries, or with capsule ruptured, or with ascites present containing malignant cells, or with positive peritoneal washings
T2 II Growth involving one or both ovaries with pelvic extension
T2a IIa Extension and/or metastases to the uterus and/or tubes
T2b IIb Extension to other pelvic tissues
T2c IIc Tumor either stage IIa or IIb, but with the tumor on surface of one or both ovaries, or with capsule(s) ruptured, or with ascites present containing malignant cells, or with positive peritoneal washings
T3 III Tumor involving one or both ovaries with histologically confirmed peritoneal implants outside the pelvis and/or positive regional lymph nodes. Superficial liver metastases equal stage III. The tumor is limited to the true pelvis, but with histologically proven malignant extension to small bowel or omentum
T3a IIIa Tumor grossly limited to the true pelvis, with negative nodes, but with histologically confirmed microscopic seeding of abdominal peritoneal surfaces, or histologic proven extension to small bowel or mesentery
T3b IIIb Tumor of one or both ovaries with histologically confirmed implants, peritoneal metastasis of abdominal peritoneal surfaces, none exceeding 2 cm in diameter; nodes are negative
T3c IIIc Peritoneal metastasis beyond the pelvis >2 cm in diameter and/or positive regional lymph nodes
AnyT IV Growth involving one or both ovaries with distant metastases. If pleural effusion is present, there must be positive cytology to allow a case to stage IV. Parenchymal liver metastasis equals stage IV.