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==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
The most common causes of tonsillitis are [[adenovirus]], [[rhinovirus]], [[influenza]], [[coronavirus]], and [[respiratory syncytial virus]]. It can also be caused by [[Epstein-Barr virus]], [[herpes simplex virus]], [[cytomegalovirus]], or [[HIV]]. The second most common causes are bacterial. | The most common causes of tonsillitis are [[adenovirus]], [[rhinovirus]], [[influenza]], [[coronavirus]], and [[respiratory syncytial virus]]. It can also be caused by [[Epstein-Barr virus]], [[herpes simplex virus]], [[cytomegalovirus]], or [[HIV]]. The second most common causes are bacterial. | ||
*The infection may also be present in the [[throat]] and surrounding areas, causing inflammation of the [[human pharynx|pharynx]].<ref name=medline>{{MedlinePlus|001043|Tonsillitis}}</ref> This is the area in the back of the throat that lies between the [[larynx|voice box]] and the tonsils. | *The infection may also be present in the [[throat]] and surrounding areas, causing inflammation of the [[human pharynx|pharynx]].<ref name=medline>{{MedlinePlus|001043|Tonsillitis}}</ref> This is the area in the back of the throat that lies between the [[larynx|voice box]] and the tonsils. | ||
*Sometimes, tonsillitis is caused by an [[infection]] of [[spirochaeta]] and [[treponema]], in this case called [[Trench mouth|Vincent's angina]] or Plaut-Vincent angina.<ref name="pmid1015288">{{cite journal |author=Van Cauwenberge P |title=[Significance of the fusospirillum complex (Plaut-Vincent angina)] |language=Dutch; Flemish |journal=Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=334–45 |year=1976 |pmid=1015288 }} — fusospirillum complex (Plaut-Vincent angina) Van Cauwenberge studied the tonsils of 126 patients using direct microscope observation. The results showed that 40% of acute tonsillitis was caused by Vincent's angina and 27% of chronic tonsillitis was caused by Spirochaeta</ref> | *Sometimes, tonsillitis is caused by an [[infection]] of [[spirochaeta]] and [[treponema]], in this case called [[Trench mouth|Vincent's angina]] or Plaut-Vincent angina.<ref name="pmid1015288">{{cite journal |author=Van Cauwenberge P |title=[Significance of the fusospirillum complex (Plaut-Vincent angina)] |language=Dutch; Flemish |journal=Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=334–45 |year=1976 |pmid=1015288 }} — fusospirillum complex (Plaut-Vincent angina) Van Cauwenberge studied the tonsils of 126 patients using direct microscope observation. The results showed that 40% of acute tonsillitis was caused by Vincent's angina and 27% of chronic tonsillitis was caused by Spirochaeta</ref> | ||
===Bacterial causes=== | ===Bacterial causes=== | ||
Revision as of 19:45, 25 September 2012
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Causes
The most common causes of tonsillitis are adenovirus, rhinovirus, influenza, coronavirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. It can also be caused by Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, or HIV. The second most common causes are bacterial.
- The infection may also be present in the throat and surrounding areas, causing inflammation of the pharynx.[1] This is the area in the back of the throat that lies between the voice box and the tonsils.
- Sometimes, tonsillitis is caused by an infection of spirochaeta and treponema, in this case called Vincent's angina or Plaut-Vincent angina.[2]
Bacterial causes
- The most common bacterial cause is Group A β-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS), which causes strep throat. Less common bacterial causes include: Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus or MRSA ),[3]Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, pertussis, Fusobacterium, diphtheria, syphilis, and gonorrhea. A concomitant GABHS and influenza A virus pharyngotonsillitis can occur, as was evident by an increased in the ASO and anti-DNase B titers in a third of the patients who had both of these organisms isolated.[4]
- Anaerobic bacteria have been implicated in tonsillitis. These include pigmented Prevotella and Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium and Actinomyces spp. The possible role of anaerobes in the acute inflammatory process in the tonsils is supported by several clinical and scientific observations: anaerobes have been isolated from the cores of tonsils of children and adults with recurrent GABHS and non streptococcal tonsillitis, and peritonsillar and retropharyngeal abscesses in many cases without any aerobic bacteria, their recovery as pathogens in well-established anaerobic infections of the tonsils (Vincent's angina), the increased recovery rate of encapsulated pigmented Prevotella and Porphyromonas spp. in acutely inflamed tonsils, and the response to antibiotics in patients with non streptococcal tonsillitis.[5]
References
- ↑ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Tonsillitis
- ↑ Van Cauwenberge P (1976). "[Significance of the fusospirillum complex (Plaut-Vincent angina)]". Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg (in Dutch; Flemish). 30 (3): 334–45. PMID 1015288. — fusospirillum complex (Plaut-Vincent angina) Van Cauwenberge studied the tonsils of 126 patients using direct microscope observation. The results showed that 40% of acute tonsillitis was caused by Vincent's angina and 27% of chronic tonsillitis was caused by Spirochaeta
- ↑ Brook, I.; Foote, P. A. (2006). "Isolation of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus from the surface and core of tonsils in children". Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 70 (12): 2099–2102. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2006.08.004. PMID 16962178.
- ↑ Brook, I.; Gober, A. E. (2008). "Concurrent influenza A and group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis". Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 117 (4): 310–312. PMID 18478842.
- ↑ Brook, I. (2005). "The role of anaerobic bacteria in tonsillitis". Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 69 (1): 9–19. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2004.08.007. PMID 15627441.