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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
=Poem syndrome=
=Otosclerosis=


{{CMG}} {{CSN}}
{{CMG}} {{CSN}}
[[User:Christina Ninan|Christina Ninan, M.D.]]
[[User:Christina Ninan|Christina Ninan, M.D.]]


A syndrome that causes someone to write so many poems.
==Overview==
 
Otosclerosis is a word derived from the Greek word "sklērós" meaning hardening and oto meaning ear. Otosclerosis is a disorder in which the footplate of the stapes is replaced by an abnormal bone, thereby affecting sound transmission to the inner ear at the level of the oval window. The solution to this condition is to reestablish this mechanism back to normal via the ossicular chain to the inner ear. The aim of stapes surgery is to improve the hearing level to thresholds appropriate enough to obviate the need for hearing aid. The hearing improvement achieved after surgery often lasts for many years. The purpose of the current study was to review our experience and find out the rate of success related to hearing outcomes after stapedotomy. Methods The patients who were operated for otosclerosis between January 2000 and December 2010 at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan were included in the study. The charts were reviewed to collect clinical data regarding stapes surgery. The values of speech reception threshold (SRT) were recorded, and the preoperative and postoperative means were compared with a t-test. The bone conduction (BC) and air conduction (AC) thresholds were evaluated at 0.5 kHz, 1.0 kHz, 2.0 kHz, and 3.0 kHz. The preoperative and postoperative means of air-bone gap (AB-gap) were compared with a t-test. The descriptive frequency was calculated to evaluate postoperative AB-gap in individual patients; patients were grouped with a difference of 10 dB of AB-gap. The SPSS Statistics software (IBM, Armonk, NY) was used for statistical analysis. Results A total of 46 patients were included in the study. There were 15 males and 31 females. The mean age was 35 years (range: 20-56). Thirty-three patients had bilateral otosclerosis; two patients had surgery for both ears, taking the total number of ears operated to 48.<ref name="pmid32499972">{{cite journal| author=Rajput MSA, Arain AA, Rajput AA, Adeel M, Suahil A, Awan MS| title=Otosclerosis: Experience With Stapes Surgery. | journal=Cureus | year= 2020 | volume= 12 | issue= 5 | pages= e7927 | pmid=32499972 | doi=10.7759/cureus.7927 | pmc=7265776 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32499972  }} </ref>
==Type 1 poem syndrome==
==Historical perspective==
==Type 2 poem syndrome==
This recommendation is of particular importance in connection with new or infrequently used drugs.
This recommendation is of particular importance in connection with new or infrequently used drugs.


===Type 2a poem syndrome===
==Classification==
  Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy are required. The authors and the publisher of this work have checked with sources believed to be reliable in their efforts to provide information that is complete and generally in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication.
  Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy are required. The authors and the publisher of this work have checked with sources believed to be reliable in their efforts to provide information that is complete and generally in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication.


=Overview=
==Embryology==
Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy are required. The authors and the publisher of this work have checked with sources believed to be reliable in their efforts to provide information that is complete and generally in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. However, in view of the possibility of human error or changes in medical sciences, neither the authors nor the publisher nor any other party who has been involved in the preparation or publication of this work warrants that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or com- plete, and they disclaim all responsibility for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from use of the information contained in this work. Readers are encouraged to confirm the information contained herein with other sources. For example and in particular, readers are advised to check the product information sheet included in the package of each drug they plan to administer to be certain that the information contained in this work is accurate and that changes have not been made in the recommended dose or in the contraindications for administration. This recommendation is of particular importance in connection with new or infrequently used drugs.
 
==Pathophysiology==
 
==Etiology==
 
 
 




Revision as of 22:16, 31 October 2020

Wikidoc


Otosclerosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] CSN, M.D. Christina Ninan, M.D.

Overview

Otosclerosis is a word derived from the Greek word "sklērós" meaning hardening and oto meaning ear. Otosclerosis is a disorder in which the footplate of the stapes is replaced by an abnormal bone, thereby affecting sound transmission to the inner ear at the level of the oval window. The solution to this condition is to reestablish this mechanism back to normal via the ossicular chain to the inner ear. The aim of stapes surgery is to improve the hearing level to thresholds appropriate enough to obviate the need for hearing aid. The hearing improvement achieved after surgery often lasts for many years. The purpose of the current study was to review our experience and find out the rate of success related to hearing outcomes after stapedotomy. Methods The patients who were operated for otosclerosis between January 2000 and December 2010 at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan were included in the study. The charts were reviewed to collect clinical data regarding stapes surgery. The values of speech reception threshold (SRT) were recorded, and the preoperative and postoperative means were compared with a t-test. The bone conduction (BC) and air conduction (AC) thresholds were evaluated at 0.5 kHz, 1.0 kHz, 2.0 kHz, and 3.0 kHz. The preoperative and postoperative means of air-bone gap (AB-gap) were compared with a t-test. The descriptive frequency was calculated to evaluate postoperative AB-gap in individual patients; patients were grouped with a difference of 10 dB of AB-gap. The SPSS Statistics software (IBM, Armonk, NY) was used for statistical analysis. Results A total of 46 patients were included in the study. There were 15 males and 31 females. The mean age was 35 years (range: 20-56). Thirty-three patients had bilateral otosclerosis; two patients had surgery for both ears, taking the total number of ears operated to 48.[1]

Historical perspective

This recommendation is of particular importance in connection with new or infrequently used drugs.

Classification

Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy are required. The authors and the publisher of this work have checked with sources believed to be reliable in their efforts to provide information that is complete and generally in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication.

Embryology

Pathophysiology

Etiology

USMLE

  • USMLE STEP 1
  • USMLE STEP 2
    • USMLE STEP 2 CK
    • USMLE STEP 2 CS
  • USMLE STEP 3
    • USMLE STEP 3 MCQ
    • USMLE STEP 3 CCS


Pathophysiology

92F + atrial fibrillation + numbness/tingling of her right leg; where is the stroke lesion?

  1. left or right side of the brain?
à answer = left (contralateral).
  1. medial or lateral cerebral hemisphere?
àanswer = medial (homunculus for lower limb is

medial, upper limb and face are lateral).

  1. anterior or posterior to the central sulcus?
ànswer = posterior (primary sensory cortex

is posterior; primary motor is anterior).

  1. ↑ Rajput MSA, Arain AA, Rajput AA, Adeel M, Suahil A, Awan MS (2020). "Otosclerosis: Experience With Stapes Surgery". Cureus. 12 (5): e7927. doi:10.7759/cureus.7927. PMC 7265776 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32499972 Check |pmid= value (help).
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