Sandbox:mustafa

Diseases	Clinical manifestations			Para-clinical findings			Gold standard
	History		Physical examination
				ECG	Imaging
	Etiology	Signs & Symptoms	Murmur Type		CXR	Echocardiogram
Aortic Stenosis	Age-related calcification in the elderly Bicuspid aortic valve in the young leads to early calcification of the valve	Chest pain Dyspnea on exertion Palpitations Symptoms of heart failure	Systolic murmur crescendo-decrescendo murmur radiates to the carotids heard best at the base	Left ventricular hypertrophy: Wide QRS complex (especially in leads V1-V6) ST depression in leads V5-V6 Left axis deviation	Enlarged left ventricle Enlarged left atrium and pulmonary artery in severe cases Calcification of the aortic valve	Thickening and calcification of the aortic valve Left ventricular hypertrophy	Echocardiogram
Aortic Regurgitation	Aortic root dilatation Bicuspid aortic valve Endocarditis Rheumatic fever	Dyspnea on exertion Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea Orthopnea	Diastolic murmur early diastolic decrescendo murmur Austin Flint murmur apical diastolic rumbling Maneuvers ↑ murmur intensity hand grip rapid squatting	Left ventricular hypertrophy: Wide QRS complex (especially in leads V1-V6) ST depression in leads V5-V6 Left axis deviation	Prominent aortic root/arch Enlarged cardiac silhouette	aortic regurgitation Dilated left ventricle and aorta	Echocardiogram
Mitral Stenosis	Rheumatic fever	Dyspnea on exertion Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea Orthopnea New onset atrial fibrillation	Diastolic murmur open snap (OS) and delayed rumbling mid-to-late diastolic murmur the time between A2 and OS is inversely correlated with severity	P mitrale Atrial fibrillation: No P waves and irregularly irregular rhythm Right axis deviation Right ventricular hypertropy: Dominant R wave in V1 and V2	Straightening of the left border of the heart suggestive of enlargement of the left atrium Double right heart border (Enlarged left atrium and normal right atrium) Prominent left atrial appendage Splaying of subcarinal angle (>120 degrees) Calcification of mitral valve Kerley B lines	Reduced valve leaflet mobility Valve calcification Doming of mitral valve Valve thickening Enlargement of left atrium	Echocardiogram
Mitral Regurgitation	Rheumatic fever Endocarditis Post-myocardial infarction rupture of the chordae or papillary muscles   Left ventricular dilatation	Palpitations Symptoms of heart failure in severe cases	Holosystolic murmur high-pitched and radiates towards the axilla heard best at the apex Maneuvers ↑ murmur intensity hand grip rapid squatting	P mitrale in lead II Increased QRS voltage Right axis deviation Atrial fibrillation	Acute MR Kerley B lines No enlargement of cardiac silhouette Chronic MR Enlarged cardiac silhouette Straightening of left heart border Splaying of subcarinal angle Calcification of mitral annulus Double right heart border	Enlargement of left atrium and ventricle Identify valve abnormality Valve calcification Severity of regurgitation	Echocardiogram