Oligodendroglioma natural history, complications, and prognosis: Difference between revisions

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*However, the prognosis is generally regarded as good overall<ref name="pmid15977639">{{cite journal| author=Ohgaki H, Kleihues P| title=Population-based studies on incidence, survival rates, and genetic alterations in astrocytic and oligodendroglial gliomas. | journal=J Neuropathol Exp Neurol | year= 2005 | volume= 64 | issue= 6 | pages= 479-89 | pmid=15977639 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15977639  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21088844">{{cite journal| author=Hartmann C, Hentschel B, Wick W, Capper D, Felsberg J, Simon M et al.| title=Patients with IDH1 wild type anaplastic astrocytomas exhibit worse prognosis than IDH1-mutated glioblastomas, and IDH1 mutation status accounts for the unfavorable prognostic effect of higher age: implications for classification of gliomas. | journal=Acta Neuropathol | year= 2010 | volume= 120 | issue= 6 | pages= 707-18 | pmid=21088844 | doi=10.1007/s00401-010-0781-z | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21088844  }} </ref>
*However, the prognosis is generally regarded as good overall<ref name="pmid15977639">{{cite journal| author=Ohgaki H, Kleihues P| title=Population-based studies on incidence, survival rates, and genetic alterations in astrocytic and oligodendroglial gliomas. | journal=J Neuropathol Exp Neurol | year= 2005 | volume= 64 | issue= 6 | pages= 479-89 | pmid=15977639 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15977639  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21088844">{{cite journal| author=Hartmann C, Hentschel B, Wick W, Capper D, Felsberg J, Simon M et al.| title=Patients with IDH1 wild type anaplastic astrocytomas exhibit worse prognosis than IDH1-mutated glioblastomas, and IDH1 mutation status accounts for the unfavorable prognostic effect of higher age: implications for classification of gliomas. | journal=Acta Neuropathol | year= 2010 | volume= 120 | issue= 6 | pages= 707-18 | pmid=21088844 | doi=10.1007/s00401-010-0781-z | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21088844  }} </ref>
*Oligodendrogliomas are slowly growing tumors with prolonged survival
*Oligodendrogliomas are slowly growing tumors with prolonged survival
*Overall median survival for patients with low-grade oligodendroglioma ranges from 10 to 15 years, and the median survival for patients with anaplastic oligodendroglioma ranges from 5 to 9 years
*Overall median survival for patients with low-grade oligodendroglioma is approximately 10 to 15 years
*Median survival for patients with anaplastic oligodendroglioma is approximately 5 to 9 years
*The presence of 1p19q codeletion is associated with a better prognosis abd greater chemosensitivity<ref name="pmid26251628">{{cite journal| author=Simonetti G, Gaviani P, Botturi A, Innocenti A, Lamperti E, Silvani A| title=Clinical management of grade III oligodendroglioma. | journal=Cancer Manag Res | year= 2015 | volume= 7 | issue=  | pages= 213-23 | pmid=26251628 | doi=10.2147/CMAR.S56975 | pmc=PMC4524382 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26251628  }} </ref><ref name="libre119">Molecular Pathology of Oligodendroglioma. Libre Pathology 2015. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Oligodendroglioma</ref><ref name="pmid23429602">{{cite journal| author=Boots-Sprenger SH, Sijben A, Rijntjes J, Tops BB, Idema AJ, Rivera AL et al.| title=Significance of complete 1p/19q co-deletion, IDH1 mutation and MGMT promoter methylation in gliomas: use with caution. | journal=Mod Pathol | year= 2013 | volume= 26 | issue= 7 | pages= 922-9 | pmid=23429602 | doi=10.1038/modpathol.2012.166 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23429602  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16088966">{{cite journal| author=McDonald JM, See SJ, Tremont IW, Colman H, Gilbert MR, Groves M et al.| title=The prognostic impact of histology and 1p/19q status in anaplastic oligodendroglial tumors. | journal=Cancer | year= 2005 | volume= 104 | issue= 7 | pages= 1468-77 | pmid=16088966 | doi=10.1002/cncr.21338 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16088966  }} </ref>
*The presence of 1p19q codeletion is associated with a better prognosis abd greater chemosensitivity<ref name="pmid26251628">{{cite journal| author=Simonetti G, Gaviani P, Botturi A, Innocenti A, Lamperti E, Silvani A| title=Clinical management of grade III oligodendroglioma. | journal=Cancer Manag Res | year= 2015 | volume= 7 | issue=  | pages= 213-23 | pmid=26251628 | doi=10.2147/CMAR.S56975 | pmc=PMC4524382 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26251628  }} </ref><ref name="libre119">Molecular Pathology of Oligodendroglioma. Libre Pathology 2015. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Oligodendroglioma</ref><ref name="pmid23429602">{{cite journal| author=Boots-Sprenger SH, Sijben A, Rijntjes J, Tops BB, Idema AJ, Rivera AL et al.| title=Significance of complete 1p/19q co-deletion, IDH1 mutation and MGMT promoter methylation in gliomas: use with caution. | journal=Mod Pathol | year= 2013 | volume= 26 | issue= 7 | pages= 922-9 | pmid=23429602 | doi=10.1038/modpathol.2012.166 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23429602  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16088966">{{cite journal| author=McDonald JM, See SJ, Tremont IW, Colman H, Gilbert MR, Groves M et al.| title=The prognostic impact of histology and 1p/19q status in anaplastic oligodendroglial tumors. | journal=Cancer | year= 2005 | volume= 104 | issue= 7 | pages= 1468-77 | pmid=16088966 | doi=10.1002/cncr.21338 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16088966  }} </ref>
*Several other molecular markers have a potential clinical significance as [[isocitrate dehydrogenase|IDH1]] mutations, confirming the strong prognostic role for overall survival<ref name="pmid24160898">{{cite journal| author=Takahashi Y, Nakamura H, Makino K, Hide T, Muta D, Kamada H et al.| title=Prognostic value of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1, O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase promoter methylation, and 1p19q co-deletion in Japanese malignant glioma patients. | journal=World J Surg Oncol | year= 2013 | volume= 11 | issue=  | pages= 284 | pmid=24160898 | doi=10.1186/1477-7819-11-284 | pmc=3874767 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24160898  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24068788">{{cite journal| author=Wick W, Meisner C, Hentschel B, Platten M, Schilling A, Wiestler B et al.| title=Prognostic or predictive value of MGMT promoter methylation in gliomas depends on IDH1 mutation. | journal=Neurology | year= 2013 | volume= 81 | issue= 17 | pages= 1515-22 | pmid=24068788 | doi=10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a95680 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24068788  }} </ref><ref name="pmid30943868">{{cite journal| author=Perrech M, Dreher L, Röhn G, Stavrinou P, Krischek B, Toliat M et al.| title=Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of IDH1 Mutation in Progressive Gliomas by Allele-Specific qPCR and Western Blot Analysis. | journal=Technol Cancer Res Treat | year= 2019 | volume= 18 | issue=  | pages= 1533033819828396 | pmid=30943868 | doi=10.1177/1533033819828396 | pmc=6457076 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30943868  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23934769">{{cite journal| author=Lewandowska MA, Furtak J, Szylberg T, Roszkowski K, Windorbska W, Rytlewska J et al.| title=An analysis of the prognostic value of IDH1 (isocitrate dehydrogenase 1) mutation in Polish glioma patients. | journal=Mol Diagn Ther | year= 2014 | volume= 18 | issue= 1 | pages= 45-53 | pmid=23934769 | doi=10.1007/s40291-013-0050-7 | pmc=3899509 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23934769  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23840696">{{cite journal| author=Yao Y, Chan AK, Qin ZY, Chen LC, Zhang X, Pang JC et al.| title=Mutation analysis of IDH1 in paired gliomas revealed IDH1 mutation was not associated with malignant progression but predicted longer survival. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2013 | volume= 8 | issue= 6 | pages= e67421 | pmid=23840696 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0067421 | pmc=3696098 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23840696  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25701198">{{cite journal| author=Olar A, Wani KM, Alfaro-Munoz KD, Heathcock LE, van Thuijl HF, Gilbert MR et al.| title=IDH mutation status and role of WHO grade and mitotic index in overall survival in grade II-III diffuse gliomas. | journal=Acta Neuropathol | year= 2015 | volume= 129 | issue= 4 | pages= 585-96 | pmid=25701198 | doi=10.1007/s00401-015-1398-z | pmc=4369189 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25701198  }} </ref>
*Several other molecular markers have a potential clinical significance as [[isocitrate dehydrogenase|IDH1]] mutations, confirming the strong prognostic role for overall survival<ref name="pmid24160898">{{cite journal| author=Takahashi Y, Nakamura H, Makino K, Hide T, Muta D, Kamada H et al.| title=Prognostic value of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1, O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase promoter methylation, and 1p19q co-deletion in Japanese malignant glioma patients. | journal=World J Surg Oncol | year= 2013 | volume= 11 | issue=  | pages= 284 | pmid=24160898 | doi=10.1186/1477-7819-11-284 | pmc=3874767 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24160898  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24068788">{{cite journal| author=Wick W, Meisner C, Hentschel B, Platten M, Schilling A, Wiestler B et al.| title=Prognostic or predictive value of MGMT promoter methylation in gliomas depends on IDH1 mutation. | journal=Neurology | year= 2013 | volume= 81 | issue= 17 | pages= 1515-22 | pmid=24068788 | doi=10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a95680 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24068788  }} </ref><ref name="pmid30943868">{{cite journal| author=Perrech M, Dreher L, Röhn G, Stavrinou P, Krischek B, Toliat M et al.| title=Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of IDH1 Mutation in Progressive Gliomas by Allele-Specific qPCR and Western Blot Analysis. | journal=Technol Cancer Res Treat | year= 2019 | volume= 18 | issue=  | pages= 1533033819828396 | pmid=30943868 | doi=10.1177/1533033819828396 | pmc=6457076 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30943868  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23934769">{{cite journal| author=Lewandowska MA, Furtak J, Szylberg T, Roszkowski K, Windorbska W, Rytlewska J et al.| title=An analysis of the prognostic value of IDH1 (isocitrate dehydrogenase 1) mutation in Polish glioma patients. | journal=Mol Diagn Ther | year= 2014 | volume= 18 | issue= 1 | pages= 45-53 | pmid=23934769 | doi=10.1007/s40291-013-0050-7 | pmc=3899509 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23934769  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23840696">{{cite journal| author=Yao Y, Chan AK, Qin ZY, Chen LC, Zhang X, Pang JC et al.| title=Mutation analysis of IDH1 in paired gliomas revealed IDH1 mutation was not associated with malignant progression but predicted longer survival. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2013 | volume= 8 | issue= 6 | pages= e67421 | pmid=23840696 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0067421 | pmc=3696098 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23840696  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25701198">{{cite journal| author=Olar A, Wani KM, Alfaro-Munoz KD, Heathcock LE, van Thuijl HF, Gilbert MR et al.| title=IDH mutation status and role of WHO grade and mitotic index in overall survival in grade II-III diffuse gliomas. | journal=Acta Neuropathol | year= 2015 | volume= 129 | issue= 4 | pages= 585-96 | pmid=25701198 | doi=10.1007/s00401-015-1398-z | pmc=4369189 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25701198  }} </ref>

Revision as of 18:06, 6 May 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mohsin, M.D.[2]Sujit Routray, M.D. [3]

Overview

If left untreated, patients with oligodendroglioma may progress to develop seizures, focal neurological deficits, hydrocephalus, brain herniation, intracranial hemorrhage, and ultimately death.Common complications associated with oligodendroglioma include hydrocephalus, intracranial hemorrhage, coma, bone marrow metastasis, recurrence, venous thromboembolism, parkinsonism, and side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.Depending on the extent and grade of the tumor at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis of oligodendroglioma may vary. However, the prognosis is generally regarded as good. The median survival time for oligodendroglioma is 11.6 years for grade II and 3.5 years for grade III.

Natural history

  • Oligodendrogliomas tend to be low grade and less aggressive than other types of gliomas
  • These tumors are slow growing
  • The tumors may be present for many years before they are diagnosed[1]
  • Anaplastic oligodendroglioma usually grows quickly
  • These tumors may develop in one place or in many places throughout the brain
  • If left untreated, patients with oligodendroglioma may progress to develop seizures, focal neurological deficits, hydrocephalus, brain herniation, intracranial hemorrhage, and ultimately death[2]
  • Recurrence is a very common feature of oligodendrogliomas
  • Recurrence can be either of the same grade or higher grade at the primary site[3]
  • Transformation into glioblastoma (grade 4) may occur a few years later, which may be associated with gain of chromosome 7 and loss of chromosome 10[3]

Complications

Common complications associated with oligodendroglioma include:[4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

Prognosis

  • Depending on the extent and grade of the tumor at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis of oligodendroglioma may vary
  • However, the prognosis is generally regarded as good overall[11][12]
  • Oligodendrogliomas are slowly growing tumors with prolonged survival
  • Overall median survival for patients with low-grade oligodendroglioma is approximately 10 to 15 years
  • Median survival for patients with anaplastic oligodendroglioma is approximately 5 to 9 years
  • The presence of 1p19q codeletion is associated with a better prognosis abd greater chemosensitivity[4][13][14][15]
  • Several other molecular markers have a potential clinical significance as IDH1 mutations, confirming the strong prognostic role for overall survival[16][17][18][19][20][21]
  • The presence of EGFR gene mutation is associated with a worse prognosis[22]
  • The 5-year survival rates for oligodendroglioma and anaplastic oligodendroglioma varying with ages are tabulated below:[23]
WHO grade of tumor Age 5-year survival rate
Oligodendroglioma (Grade II) 20-44 82%
45-54 67%
55-64 48%
Anaplastic oligodendroglioma (Grade III) 20-44 64%
45-54 50%
55-64 23%

References

  1. ↑ Survival by prognostic factors. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/brain-spinal/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics/?region=on
  2. ↑ Manousaki M, Papadaki H, Papavdi A, Kranioti EF, Mylonakis P, Varakis J; et al. (2011). "Sudden unexpected death from oligodendroglioma: a case report and review of the literature". Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 32 (4): 336–40. doi:10.1097/PAF.0b013e3181d3dc86. PMID 20375839.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kocaeli H, Yakut T, Bekar A, Taşkapilioğlu O, Tolunay S (2006). "Glioblastomatous recurrence of oligodendroglioma remote from the original site: a case report". Surg Neurol. 66 (6): 627–30, discussion 630-1. doi:10.1016/j.surneu.2006.02.049. PMID 17145331.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Simonetti G, Gaviani P, Botturi A, Innocenti A, Lamperti E, Silvani A (2015). "Clinical management of grade III oligodendroglioma". Cancer Manag Res. 7: 213–23. doi:10.2147/CMAR.S56975. PMC 4524382. PMID 26251628.
  5. ↑ Guppy KH, Akins PT, Moes GS, Prados MD (2009). "Spinal cord oligodendroglioma with 1p and 19q deletions presenting with cerebral oligodendrogliomatosis". J Neurosurg Spine. 10 (6): 557–63. doi:10.3171/2009.2.SPINE08853. PMID 19558288.
  6. ↑ Sharma A, Agarwal A, Sharma MC, Anand M, Agarwal S, Raina V (2003). "Bone marrow metastasis in anaplastic oligodendroglioma". Int J Clin Pract. 57 (4): 351–2. PMID 12800473.
  7. ↑ Solitare GB, Robinson F, Lamarche JB (1967). "Oligodendroglioma: recurrence following an exceptionally long postoperative symptom-free interval". Can Med Assoc J. 97 (14): 862–5. PMC 1923454. PMID 6051252.
  8. ↑ Harada K, Kiya K, Matsumura S, Mori S, Uozumi T (1982). "Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage caused by oligodendroglioma--a case report and review of the literature". Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 22 (1): 81–4. PMID 6176898.
  9. ↑ Hentschel S, Toyota B (2003). "Intracranial malignant glioma presenting as subarachnoid hemorrhage". Can J Neurol Sci. 30 (1): 63–6. PMID 12619787.
  10. ↑ Krauss JK, Paduch T, Mundinger F, Seeger W (1995). "Parkinsonism and rest tremor secondary to supratentorial tumours sparing the basal ganglia". Acta Neurochir (Wien). 133 (1–2): 22–9. PMID 8561031.
  11. ↑ Ohgaki H, Kleihues P (2005). "Population-based studies on incidence, survival rates, and genetic alterations in astrocytic and oligodendroglial gliomas". J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 64 (6): 479–89. PMID 15977639.
  12. ↑ Hartmann C, Hentschel B, Wick W, Capper D, Felsberg J, Simon M; et al. (2010). "Patients with IDH1 wild type anaplastic astrocytomas exhibit worse prognosis than IDH1-mutated glioblastomas, and IDH1 mutation status accounts for the unfavorable prognostic effect of higher age: implications for classification of gliomas". Acta Neuropathol. 120 (6): 707–18. doi:10.1007/s00401-010-0781-z. PMID 21088844.
  13. ↑ Molecular Pathology of Oligodendroglioma. Libre Pathology 2015. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Oligodendroglioma
  14. ↑ Boots-Sprenger SH, Sijben A, Rijntjes J, Tops BB, Idema AJ, Rivera AL; et al. (2013). "Significance of complete 1p/19q co-deletion, IDH1 mutation and MGMT promoter methylation in gliomas: use with caution". Mod Pathol. 26 (7): 922–9. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2012.166. PMID 23429602.
  15. ↑ McDonald JM, See SJ, Tremont IW, Colman H, Gilbert MR, Groves M; et al. (2005). "The prognostic impact of histology and 1p/19q status in anaplastic oligodendroglial tumors". Cancer. 104 (7): 1468–77. doi:10.1002/cncr.21338. PMID 16088966.
  16. ↑ Takahashi Y, Nakamura H, Makino K, Hide T, Muta D, Kamada H; et al. (2013). "Prognostic value of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1, O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase promoter methylation, and 1p19q co-deletion in Japanese malignant glioma patients". World J Surg Oncol. 11: 284. doi:10.1186/1477-7819-11-284. PMC 3874767. PMID 24160898.
  17. ↑ Wick W, Meisner C, Hentschel B, Platten M, Schilling A, Wiestler B; et al. (2013). "Prognostic or predictive value of MGMT promoter methylation in gliomas depends on IDH1 mutation". Neurology. 81 (17): 1515–22. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a95680. PMID 24068788.
  18. ↑ Perrech M, Dreher L, Röhn G, Stavrinou P, Krischek B, Toliat M; et al. (2019). "Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of IDH1 Mutation in Progressive Gliomas by Allele-Specific qPCR and Western Blot Analysis". Technol Cancer Res Treat. 18: 1533033819828396. doi:10.1177/1533033819828396. PMC 6457076. PMID 30943868.
  19. ↑ Lewandowska MA, Furtak J, Szylberg T, Roszkowski K, Windorbska W, Rytlewska J; et al. (2014). "An analysis of the prognostic value of IDH1 (isocitrate dehydrogenase 1) mutation in Polish glioma patients". Mol Diagn Ther. 18 (1): 45–53. doi:10.1007/s40291-013-0050-7. PMC 3899509. PMID 23934769.
  20. ↑ Yao Y, Chan AK, Qin ZY, Chen LC, Zhang X, Pang JC; et al. (2013). "Mutation analysis of IDH1 in paired gliomas revealed IDH1 mutation was not associated with malignant progression but predicted longer survival". PLoS One. 8 (6): e67421. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067421. PMC 3696098. PMID 23840696.
  21. ↑ Olar A, Wani KM, Alfaro-Munoz KD, Heathcock LE, van Thuijl HF, Gilbert MR; et al. (2015). "IDH mutation status and role of WHO grade and mitotic index in overall survival in grade II-III diffuse gliomas". Acta Neuropathol. 129 (4): 585–96. doi:10.1007/s00401-015-1398-z. PMC 4369189. PMID 25701198.
  22. ↑ Wesseling P, van den Bent M, Perry A (2015). "Oligodendroglioma: pathology, molecular mechanisms and markers". Acta Neuropathol. 129 (6): 809–27. doi:10.1007/s00401-015-1424-1. PMC 4436696. PMID 25943885.
  23. ↑ Survival statistics for gliomas. Canadian Cancer Society 2015.http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/brain-spinal/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics/?region=on


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