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==Causes==
===Risk Factors===
Exposure to chemotherapeutic agents has been proven to be an established risk factor. Occurrence of this condition has been linked to dose and prolonged chemotherapeutic drug exposure especially with more continuous IV infusion, daily ingestion and liposomal encapsulationg of PLD which prolong half-life of drug. The use of cooling mechanism, higher number of PLD cycles, and occurrence of mucositis, neutropenia and peripheral neuropathy are possible predictors of PPE. <ref name="pmid194468682">{{cite journal| author=Tanyi JL, Smith JA, Ramos L, Parker CL, Munsell MF, Wolf JK| title=Predisposing risk factors for palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia when using liposomal doxorubicin to treat recurrent ovarian cancer. | journal=Gynecol Oncol | year= 2009 | volume= 114 | issue= 2 | pages= 219-24 | pmid=19446868 | doi=10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.04.007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19446868  }}</ref>
Several agents may be linked with the condition but the Most frequently associated are<ref name="pmid17350337" />:
* Doxorubicin (Pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin)
* 5-Flurouracil
* Cytarabine.
===Genetics===
No genetic association has been found as of yet as the data on this condition is limited.
===Common Causes===
* Several different Chemotherapeutic agents have been associated with acral erythema<ref name="pmid2061446">{{cite journal| author=Baack BR, Burgdorf WH| title=Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 1991 | volume= 24 | issue= 3 | pages= 457-61 | pmid=2061446 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2061446  }}</ref>. Common ones are listed below.
** Most frequently associated with<ref name="pmid17350337">{{cite journal| author=Webster-Gandy JD, How C, Harrold K| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE): a literature review with commentary on experience in a cancer centre. | journal=Eur J Oncol Nurs | year= 2007 | volume= 11 | issue= 3 | pages= 238-46 | pmid=17350337 | doi=10.1016/j.ejon.2006.10.004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17350337  }}</ref>:
*** Doxorubicin (Pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin)
*** 5-Flurouracil
*** Cytarabine.
** Methotrexate - even low dose used to treat ALL<ref name="pmid1441532">{{cite journal| author=Wysocki M, Nowaczyk-Michalak A, Pilecki O, Kurylak A, Balcar-Boroń A, Trybuś L| title=[Burgdorf's reaction (painful acral erythema) in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia following medium-dose methotrexate therapy]. | journal=Wiad Lek | year= 1992 | volume= 45 | issue= 11-12 | pages= 462-4 | pmid=1441532 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1441532  }}</ref>
** Mitotane<ref name="pmid4276191" />
** PLD, Docetaxel, Capecitabine, vinorelbine, gemcitabine and Sorafenib<ref name="pmid215373732">{{cite journal| author=Farr KP, Safwat A| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia associated with chemotherapy and its treatment. | journal=Case Rep Oncol | year= 2011 | volume= 4 | issue= 1 | pages= 229-35 | pmid=21537373 | doi=10.1159/000327767 | pmc=3085037 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21537373  }}</ref>
**
'''<big>Less Common Causes</big>'''
* Capacitabine-based chemotherapy<ref name="pmid2652317">{{cite journal| author=Krikorian A, Rahmani R, Bromet M, Bore P, Cano JP| title=Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of Navelbine. | journal=Semin Oncol | year= 1989 | volume= 16 | issue= 2 Suppl 4 | pages= 21-5 | pmid=2652317 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2652317  }}</ref>
* Docetaxel <ref name="pmid23478198">{{cite journal| author=Harris CS, Wang D, Carulli A| title=Docetaxel-associated palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia: a case report and review of the literature. | journal=J Oncol Pharm Pract | year= 2014 | volume= 20 | issue= 1 | pages= 73-80 | pmid=23478198 | doi=10.1177/1078155213475466 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23478198  }}</ref>
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
*5-Flurouracil<ref name="pmid17350337" />
*Capecitabine<ref name="pmid215373732" />
*Capacitabine-based chemotherapy<ref name="pmid2652317" />
*Cytarabine<ref name="pmid17350337" />
*Docetaxel<ref name="pmid215373732" />
*Doxorubicin (Pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin)<ref name="pmid17350337" />
*Gemcitabine<ref name="pmid215373732" />
*Methotrexate - even low dose used to treat ALL<ref name="pmid1441532" />
*Mitotane<ref name="pmid4276191" />
*PLD<ref name="pmid215373732" />
*Sorafenib<ref name="pmid215373732" />
*Vinorelbine<ref name="pmid215373732" />


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 02:24, 26 September 2018

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Causes

Risk Factors

Exposure to chemotherapeutic agents has been proven to be an established risk factor. Occurrence of this condition has been linked to dose and prolonged chemotherapeutic drug exposure especially with more continuous IV infusion, daily ingestion and liposomal encapsulationg of PLD which prolong half-life of drug. The use of cooling mechanism, higher number of PLD cycles, and occurrence of mucositis, neutropenia and peripheral neuropathy are possible predictors of PPE. [1]

Several agents may be linked with the condition but the Most frequently associated are[2]:

  • Doxorubicin (Pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin)
  • 5-Flurouracil
  • Cytarabine.

Genetics

No genetic association has been found as of yet as the data on this condition is limited.

Common Causes

  • Several different Chemotherapeutic agents have been associated with acral erythema[3]. Common ones are listed below.
    • Most frequently associated with[2]:
      • Doxorubicin (Pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin)
      • 5-Flurouracil
      • Cytarabine.
    • Methotrexate - even low dose used to treat ALL[4]
    • Mitotane[5]
    • PLD, Docetaxel, Capecitabine, vinorelbine, gemcitabine and Sorafenib[6]

Less Common Causes

  • Capacitabine-based chemotherapy[7]
  • Docetaxel [8]

Causes in Alphabetical Order

  • 5-Flurouracil[2]
  • Capecitabine[6]
  • Capacitabine-based chemotherapy[7]
  • Cytarabine[2]
  • Docetaxel[6]
  • Doxorubicin (Pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin)[2]
  • Gemcitabine[6]
  • Methotrexate - even low dose used to treat ALL[4]
  • Mitotane[5]
  • PLD[6]
  • Sorafenib[6]
  • Vinorelbine[6]

References

  1. ↑ Tanyi JL, Smith JA, Ramos L, Parker CL, Munsell MF, Wolf JK (2009). "Predisposing risk factors for palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia when using liposomal doxorubicin to treat recurrent ovarian cancer". Gynecol Oncol. 114 (2): 219–24. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.04.007. PMID 19446868.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Webster-Gandy JD, How C, Harrold K (2007). "Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE): a literature review with commentary on experience in a cancer centre". Eur J Oncol Nurs. 11 (3): 238–46. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2006.10.004. PMID 17350337.
  3. ↑ Baack BR, Burgdorf WH (1991). "Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema". J Am Acad Dermatol. 24 (3): 457–61. PMID 2061446.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Wysocki M, Nowaczyk-Michalak A, Pilecki O, Kurylak A, Balcar-Boroń A, Trybuś L (1992). "[Burgdorf's reaction (painful acral erythema) in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia following medium-dose methotrexate therapy]". Wiad Lek. 45 (11–12): 462–4. PMID 1441532.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Farr KP, Safwat A (2011). "Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia associated with chemotherapy and its treatment". Case Rep Oncol. 4 (1): 229–35. doi:10.1159/000327767. PMC 3085037. PMID 21537373.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Krikorian A, Rahmani R, Bromet M, Bore P, Cano JP (1989). "Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of Navelbine". Semin Oncol. 16 (2 Suppl 4): 21–5. PMID 2652317.
  8. ↑ Harris CS, Wang D, Carulli A (2014). "Docetaxel-associated palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia: a case report and review of the literature". J Oncol Pharm Pract. 20 (1): 73–80. doi:10.1177/1078155213475466. PMID 23478198.
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