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The TNM classification of oral cavity carcinoma is as follows:<ref>{{cite book | last = Sobin | first = L. H. | title = TNM classification of malignant tumours | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | location = Chichester, West Sussex, UK Hoboken, NJ | year = 2009 | isbn = 9781444332414 }}</ref>
The TNM classification of oral cavity carcinoma is as follows:<ref>{{cite book | last = Sobin | first = L. H. | title = TNM classification of malignant tumours | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | location = Chichester, West Sussex, UK Hoboken, NJ | year = 2009 | isbn = 9781444332414 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |TNM Staging for Lip and Oral Cavity Cancers
! colspan="2" |TNM Staging for Lip and Oral Cavity Cancers#
|-
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Tumor'''
| colspan="2" |'''Tumor'''
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|M1
|M1
|Distant metastasis
|Distant metastasis
|-
| colspan="2" |M = Distant metastasis; N = regional lymph nodes; T= primary tumor; Tis = carcinoma in situ.
<nowiki>#</nowiki> = Staging system of the American Joint Committee on Cancer.
|}
|}



Revision as of 15:00, 2 February 2018

Oral cancer Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Simrat Sarai, M.D. [2],Sargun Singh Walia M.B.B.S.[3]

Overview

Oral cancer can be classified into three types based on the potential to spread to other parts of the body such as malignant tumors,precancerous conditions, and benign tumors.

Most common type of malignant tumor of the mouth is squamous cell carcinoma.Squamous cell carcinoma is further classified based on macroscopic and microscopic features.

Classification

Malignant tumors of the oral cavity

  • Malignant tumours of the oral cavity are cancerous growths that have the potential to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.
  • The oral cavity is lined with squamous epithelium, which is formed by flat, scale-like cells called squamous cells.
  • The most common oral cavity cancer starts in these cells and is called squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  • Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tumors make up 95% of all oral cavity cancers. They are classified based on macroscopic or microscopic features.
    • Macroscopic features can be seen without a microscope. Cancers are described as:
  • Infiltrative – Cancer is growing into the deeper layers of the oral cavity.
  • Exophytic – Cancer is growing outwards from the surface of the oral cavity.
  • Verrucous– Cancer has a wart-like appearance.
  • Ulcerated– Cancer appears as an open sore.
  • Flat – Cancer appears as an abnormal area in the lining of the oral cavity.
  • Based on their microscopic features, squamous cell carcinomas are divided into 2 types:
  • Classical or conventional SCC: Most cancers of the oral cavity are classical or conventional squamous cell carcinoma. This type of SCC starts in the squamous epithelium that lines the oral cavity and occurs most often on the lower lip, tongue and floor of the mouth.
  • Variants of SCC: These squamous cell carcinomas have distinct microscopic features that make them look and behave differently from classical SCC.
  • Verrucous carcinoma
  • Basaloid SCC
  • Papillary SCC
  • Spindle cell carcinoma (SpCC)
  • Acantholytic SCC
  • Adenosquamous carcinoma
  • Lymphoepithelial carcinoma

Rare Malignant Tumors

Precancerous lesions of the oral cavity

  • Several types of non-cancerous tumors and tumor-like conditions can arise in the oral cavity and oropharynx.
  • A premalignant (or precancerous) lesion is defined as a benign, morphologically altered tissue that has a greater than normal risk of malignant transformation.
  • There are several different types of premalignant lesion that occur in the mouth.
  • Some oral cancers begin as white patches (leukoplakia), red patches (erythroplakia) or mixed red and white patches (erythroleukoplakia or "speckled leukoplakia").
  • The most common precancerous conditions of the oral cavity are:

Benign tumors and conditions of the oral cavity

TNM Classification of oral cavity carcinoma

The TNM classification of oral cavity carcinoma is as follows:[1]

TNM Staging for Lip and Oral Cavity Cancers#
Tumor
TX Primary tumor cannot be assessed.
T0 Primary tumor cannot be assessed.
Tis Carcinoma in situ
T1 Tumor <2 cm or less in greatest dimension
T2 Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension
T3 Tumor more than 4 cm in greatest dimension
T4 (lip) Tumor invades through cortical bone, inferior alveolar nerve, floor of the mouth, or skin of the face (e.g., chin or nose).
T4a (oral cavity) Tumor invades adjacent structures (e.g., through cortical bone into deep [extrinsic] muscle of the tongue [genioglossus, hyoglossus, palatoglossus, and styloglossus], maxillary sinus, or skin of the face).
T4b Tumor invades masticator space, pterygoid plates, or skull base and/or encases internal carotid canal.
Regional Lymph Nodes (N)
NX Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
N0 No regional lymph node metastasis
N1 Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension
N2a Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension
N2b Metastasis in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension
N2c Metastasis in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension
N3 Metastasis in a lymph node more than 6 cm in greatest dimension
Distant Metastasis (M)
MX Distant metastasis cannot be assessed.
M0 No distant metastasis
M1 Distant metastasis
M = Distant metastasis; N = regional lymph nodes; T= primary tumor; Tis = carcinoma in situ.

# = Staging system of the American Joint Committee on Cancer.

References

  1. Sobin, L. H. (2009). TNM classification of malignant tumours. Chichester, West Sussex, UK Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781444332414.


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