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==Overview== | ==Overview== |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [2]
Overview
Blastomycosis is a fungal infection caused by the organism Blastomyces dermatitidis. It is Endemic to portions of North America, and causes clinical symptoms similar to histoplasmosis. Only about half of people who have infection usually develop disease. The symptoms, develop between 3 to 15 weeks after exposure and are similar to a flu like illness. [1] [2]
Historical Perspective
Blastomycosis was first described by Thomas Casper Gilchrist [3] in 1894 and sometimes goes by the eponym Gilchrist's disease [4]. It is also sometimes referred to as Chicago Disease.
Pathophysiology
Infection occurs by inhalation of the fungus from its natural soil habitat.It has an average incubation period of 3 weeks to 3 months after exposure.Once inhaled in the lungs, they multiply and the initial neutrophilic response and the subsequent cell-mediated immune response are manifested as a supperative tissue destruction seen in lungs, and may disseminate through the blood and lymphatics to other organs including the skin, bone, genitourinary tract, and brain.The histopathological findings are the multinucleated yeast form (budding).[3] [4] [5]
Causes
Blastomycosis is a fungal infection caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis.[6]
Differentiating Blastomycosis from other Diseases
Blastomycosis presents as a mild flu-like illness and needs to be differentiated from other fungal disorders that presents with similar complaints. These disorders have overlapping signs & symptoms that often need detailed history. Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Aspergillosis, Pneumocystis pneumonia, Sporotrichosis are the most important diseases to be considered in the differential.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Blastomycosis is endemic in the Mississippi river and Ohio river basins and around the Great Lakes in United States.The annual incidence is less than 1 case per 100,000 people in Mississippi, Louisiana, Kentucky, and Arkansas. Blastomycosis is also distributed internationally, cases are reported from Africa, India, Middle east, Mexco, Central and South America. [7] [8]
Risk Factors
The risk factors are not well established for the acquisition of blastomycosis in endemic areas. However, studies point out the role of moist soil rich in organic debris as a source of transmission. Immunosuppression also increases the risk of infection.
Screening
According to the centers for disease control and prevention screening for blastomycosis is not recommended.
Natural History,Complications and Prognosis
Blastomycosis is a granulomatous disease entity, that can produce a wide array of signs and symptoms, but is usually a mild illness in many cases. The symptoms include fever, productive cough, hemoptysis and weight loss. If left untreated a significant proportion of these cases may further disseminate to other body parts, most commonly to skin, followed by bone and joint, genitourinary system and other sites in the body (Nervous system, lymphatics etc). The route of spread is most commonly either hematogenous or lymphatic. Prognosis of the individual depends on the immune status of the individual and treatment, usually good in immunocompetent patients with treatment, on contrast prognosis is poor in patients even with treatment in immuno-compromised individuals. Complications that may develop with blastomycosis include cutaneous involvement can cause large sores with pus (abscesses), osteomyelitis from bone involvement, prostatitis and epididymo-orchitis in males and tubo-ovarian abscess in females have been reported, disease recurrence.
Diagnosis
History and symptoms
Symptoms of blastomycosis depends on the immune status of the individual, it presents as a flu like illness with fever, chills, myalgia, headache, and a nonproductive cough which resolves within days in immunocomeptent patients or as an acute illness resembling bacterial pneumonia, with symptoms of high fever, chills, a productive cough, and pleuritis in immunocomprimised individuals. Blastomycosis can affect almost any other site such as liver, spleen, breast, lymph nodes etc, through hematogenous spread. Skin lesions, usually appear as ulcerated lesions and bone lesions can lead to osteomyelitis.
Physical examination
Blastomycosis is disease of lung ,but it can affect other organs like skin bone etc. A detailed physical examination can guide towards diagnosis. Lung examination findings include dullness to percussion, increased fremitus etc. Signs of pleuritic involvement such as chest pain and rub may be found.
Laboratory Findings
No clinical or radiographic abnormalities are absolutely diagnostic of blastomycosis. Once suspected, the diagnosis of blastomycosis can usually be confirmed by demonstration of the characteristic broad based budding organisms in sputum or tissues by KOH prep, cytology, or histology.
X-ray chest
The findings are not consistent or highly specific. Alveolar infiltrates may be present but are not localized to a particular lobe. Consolidations with or without cavitations, small pleural effusion's are relatively common. Sometimes, pulmonary nodules simulating tuberculosis or cancers may be present. Mediastinal lymph node enlargement is not a consistent finding, but may be found occasionally.
Treatment
Medical Therapy
As per the guidelines given by the Infectious Diseases Society of America the appropriate regimen must be guided by the clinical form and severity of disease, as well as the immune status of patient and toxicity of antifungal agents. Only asymptomatic infections are left treated, otherwise all cases need therapy.Itraconazole given orally is the treatment of choice for most forms of the disease. Cure rates are high, and the treatment over a period of months is usually well tolerated. Amphotericin B is considerably more toxic, and is usually reserved for critically ill patients and those with central nervous system disease.[9]
- Immuno-competent patient.(Non-Life threatening infection)
- Drug of choice in this cases is usually Itraconazole or Lipid Amphotericin B. Alternatively, daily fluconazole or ketaconazole may also be used.
- Immuno-competent patient.(Life threatening infection)
- Pulmonary cases - These warrant treatment primarily with Lipid Amphotericin B or Deoxycholate Amphotericin B. Once the condition has been stabilized the patient may be switched to oral Itraconazole therapy.
- Disseminated cases - Drug of choice is same, however patients non tolerant to Amphotericin B can be treated with fluconazole or Itraconazole.
- Immuno-compromised patients.
- All patients warrant treatment with Lipid Amphotericin B as the drug of choice and Itraconazole once the disease has shown clinical improvement.
Primary Prevention
Avoiding travel to areas where the infection is known to occur may help prevent exposure to the fungus, but this may not always be possible.
References
- ↑ "CDC - Symptoms of Blastomycosis". Retrieved 22 November 2013.
- ↑ Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed. ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. pp.676&ndash, 8. ISBN 0838585299.
- ↑ Saccente M, Woods GL (2010). "Clinical and laboratory update on blastomycosis". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 23 (2): 367–81. doi:10.1128/CMR.00056-09. PMC 2863359. PMID 20375357.
- ↑ Smith JA, Riddell J, Kauffman CA (2013). "Cutaneous manifestations of endemic mycoses". Curr Infect Dis Rep. 15 (5): 440–9. doi:10.1007/s11908-013-0352-2. PMID 23917880.
- ↑ Koneti A, Linke MJ, Brummer E, Stevens DA (2008). "Evasion of innate immune responses: evidence for mannose binding lectin inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha production by macrophages in response to Blastomyces dermatitidis". Infect. Immun. 76 (3): 994–1002. doi:10.1128/IAI.01185-07. PMC 2258846. PMID 18070904.
- ↑ DiSalvo, A.F. (1992). Al-Doory, Y., DiSalvo, A.F., ed. Ecology of Blastomyces dermatitidis. Plenum. pp. 43–73.
- ↑ Baumgardner DJ, Buggy BP, Mattson BJ, Burdick JS, Ludwig D (1992). "Epidemiology of blastomycosis in a region of high endemicity in north central Wisconsin". Clin. Infect. Dis. 15 (4): 629–35. PMID 1420675.
- ↑ Khuu D, Shafir S, Bristow B, Sorvillo F (2014). "Blastomycosis mortality rates, United States, 1990-2010". Emerging Infect. Dis. 20 (11): 1789–94. doi:10.3201/eid2011.131175. PMC 4214285. PMID 25339251.
- ↑ Chapman SW, Dismukes WE, Proia LA, Bradsher RW, Pappas PG, Threlkeld MG; et al. (2008). "Clinical practice guidelines for the management of blastomycosis: 2008 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clin Infect Dis. 46 (12): 1801–12. doi:10.1086/588300. PMID 18462107.