Myasthenia gravis causes: Difference between revisions

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* Genetic:  
* Genetic:  
# [[MHC|The Major Histocompatibility Complex]]: In genetic etiology of most of the [[autoimmune diseases]] including [[Myasthenia gravis|MG]], [[MHC]] genes play the most important role.<ref name="pmid4544224">{{cite journal |vauthors=Feltkamp TE, van den Berg-Loonen PM, Nijenhuis LE, Engelfriet CP, van Rossum AL, van Loghem JJ, Oosterhuis HJ |title=Myasthenia gravis, autoantibodies, and HL-A antigens |journal=Br Med J |volume=1 |issue=5899 |pages=131–3 |date=January 1974 |pmid=4544224 |pmc=1633001 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
# [[MHC|The Major Histocompatibility Complex]]: In genetic etiology of most of the [[autoimmune diseases]] including [[Myasthenia gravis|MG]], [[MHC]] genes play the most important role.<ref name="pmid4544224">{{cite journal |vauthors=Feltkamp TE, van den Berg-Loonen PM, Nijenhuis LE, Engelfriet CP, van Rossum AL, van Loghem JJ, Oosterhuis HJ |title=Myasthenia gravis, autoantibodies, and HL-A antigens |journal=Br Med J |volume=1 |issue=5899 |pages=131–3 |date=January 1974 |pmid=4544224 |pmc=1633001 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
# The [[CHRNA1]] [[Locus]]: The [[Translation (genetics)|translation]] product of this [[gene]] is the alpha subunit of [[Acetylcholine receptor|AChR]], which is the target of many [[autoantibodies]] in myasthenia gravis patients.
# The [[CHRNA1]] [[Locus]]: The [[Translation (genetics)|translation]] product of this [[gene]] is the alpha subunit of [[Acetylcholine receptor|AChR]], which is the target of many [[autoantibodies]] in myasthenia gravis patients.<ref name="pmid9700504">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tzartos SJ, Barkas T, Cung MT, Mamalaki A, Marraud M, Orlewski P, Papanastasiou D, Sakarellos C, Sakarellos-Daitsiotis M, Tsantili P, Tsikaris V |title=Anatomy of the antigenic structure of a large membrane autoantigen, the muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor |journal=Immunol. Rev. |volume=163 |issue= |pages=89–120 |date=June 1998 |pmid=9700504 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
# The [[PTPN22]] [[Gene]]:
# The [[PTPN22]] [[Gene]]:
# The [[FCGR2A|FCGR2]] [[Locus]]:
# The [[FCGR2A|FCGR2]] [[Locus]]:

Revision as of 05:55, 17 June 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Causes

Myasthenia gravis may be caused by:

  • Thymus abnormalities:

Thymus abnormalities including thymic hyperplasia and thymoma are very common in myasthenia gravis and thymectomy is one of the treatment of this disease.[1][2] In thymus, we have myoid cells which present intact AChR on their surface. On the other hand thymic epithelial cells produce AChR subunits which activate helper T cells. These T cells attack AChR on the myoid cells and the cascade of antibody production and complement activation will begin.[3][4][5]

  • Genetic:
  1. The Major Histocompatibility Complex: In genetic etiology of most of the autoimmune diseases including MG, MHC genes play the most important role.[6]
  2. The CHRNA1 Locus: The translation product of this gene is the alpha subunit of AChR, which is the target of many autoantibodies in myasthenia gravis patients.[7]
  3. The PTPN22 Gene:
  4. The FCGR2 Locus:
  5. The CTLA4 Locus:
  • environment:
  1. Drugs:
  2. Infections:
  3. Trauma:

References

  1. Drachman DB (June 1994). "Myasthenia gravis". N. Engl. J. Med. 330 (25): 1797–810. doi:10.1056/NEJM199406233302507. PMID 8190158.
  2. Vincent A (October 2002). "Unravelling the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis". Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2 (10): 797–804. doi:10.1038/nri916. PMID 12360217.
  3. Willcox N, Leite MI, Kadota Y, Jones M, Meager A, Subrahmanyam P, Dasgupta B, Morgan BP, Vincent A (2008). "Autoimmunizing mechanisms in thymoma and thymus". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1132: 163–73. doi:10.1196/annals.1405.021. PMID 18567866.
  4. Leite MI, Jones M, Ströbel P, Marx A, Gold R, Niks E, Verschuuren JJ, Berrih-Aknin S, Scaravilli F, Canelhas A, Morgan BP, Vincent A, Willcox N (September 2007). "Myasthenia gravis thymus: complement vulnerability of epithelial and myoid cells, complement attack on them, and correlations with autoantibody status". Am. J. Pathol. 171 (3): 893–905. doi:10.2353/ajpath.2007.070240. PMC 1959483. PMID 17675582.
  5. Hohlfeld R, Wekerle H (September 2008). "Reflections on the "intrathymic pathogenesis" of myasthenia gravis". J. Neuroimmunol. 201-202: 21–7. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.05.020. PMID 18644632.
  6. Feltkamp TE, van den Berg-Loonen PM, Nijenhuis LE, Engelfriet CP, van Rossum AL, van Loghem JJ, Oosterhuis HJ (January 1974). "Myasthenia gravis, autoantibodies, and HL-A antigens". Br Med J. 1 (5899): 131–3. PMC 1633001. PMID 4544224.
  7. Tzartos SJ, Barkas T, Cung MT, Mamalaki A, Marraud M, Orlewski P, Papanastasiou D, Sakarellos C, Sakarellos-Daitsiotis M, Tsantili P, Tsikaris V (June 1998). "Anatomy of the antigenic structure of a large membrane autoantigen, the muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor". Immunol. Rev. 163: 89–120. PMID 9700504.

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