Borrelia burgdorferi: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 21: Line 21:
It is a [[Zoonosis|zoonotic]], [[vector (biology)|vector-borne disease]] transmitted by [[ticks]] and is named after the researcher [[Willy Burgdorfer]] who first isolated the bacterium in 1982. ''B. burgdorferi'' is one of the few pathogenic bacteria that can survive without iron, having replaced all of its iron-sulphur cluster enzymes with enzymes that use manganese, thus avoiding the problem many pathogenic bacteria face in acquiring iron.
It is a [[Zoonosis|zoonotic]], [[vector (biology)|vector-borne disease]] transmitted by [[ticks]] and is named after the researcher [[Willy Burgdorfer]] who first isolated the bacterium in 1982. ''B. burgdorferi'' is one of the few pathogenic bacteria that can survive without iron, having replaced all of its iron-sulphur cluster enzymes with enzymes that use manganese, thus avoiding the problem many pathogenic bacteria face in acquiring iron.
B. burgdorferi infections have been linked to [[non-Hodgkin lymphoma]]s.<ref name=Guidoboni_2006>{{cite journal |author=Guidoboni M, Ferreri AJ, Ponzoni M, Doglioni C, Dolcetti R |title=Infectious agents in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-type lymphomas: pathogenic role and therapeutic perspectives |journal=Clinical lymphoma & myeloma |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=289-300 |year=2006 |pmid=16507206}}</ref>
B. burgdorferi infections have been linked to [[non-Hodgkin lymphoma]]s.<ref name=Guidoboni_2006>{{cite journal |author=Guidoboni M, Ferreri AJ, Ponzoni M, Doglioni C, Dolcetti R |title=Infectious agents in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-type lymphomas: pathogenic role and therapeutic perspectives |journal=Clinical lymphoma & myeloma |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=289-300 |year=2006 |pmid=16507206}}</ref>
==Organism==
[[Image:Borrelia image.jpg|thumb|left|''Borrelia burgdorferi'' the causative agent of Lyme disease (borreliosis). Magnified 400 times.]]
'''[[Lyme disease]]''', or '''[[Lyme borreliosis]]''', is caused by [[Gram negative]] [[spirochetal]] [[bacteria]] from the [[genus]] ''[[Borrelia]]'', which has at least 37 known species, 12 of which are Lyme related, and an unknown number of genomic [[strain (biology)|strains]]. ''Borrelia'' [[species]] known to cause Lyme disease are collectively known as ''[[Borrelia burgdorferi]]'' sensu lato.
''Borrelia'' are [[Microaerophile|microaerophillic]] and slow-growing&mdash;the primary reason for the long delays when diagnosing Lyme disease&mdash;and have been found to have greater [[genetic diversity|strain diversity]] than previously estimated.<ref name="Bunikis-a">{{cite journal | author=Bunikis J, Garpmo U, Tsao J, Berglund J, Fish D, Barbour AG | title=Sequence typing reveals extensive strain diversity of the Lyme borreliosis agents Borrelia burgdorferi in North America and Borrelia afzelii in Europe | journal=Microbiology | year=2004 | pages=1741-55 | volume=150 | issue=Pt 6 | pmid = 15184561 | url=http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/150/6/1741.pdf | format=PDF}}</ref> The strains differ in clinical symptoms and/or presentation as well as geographic distribution.<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th ed. | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-8385-8529-9 }}</ref>
Except for ''Borrelia recurrentis'' (which causes louse-borne [[relapsing fever]] and is transmitted by the human body louse), all known species are believed to be transmitted by ticks.<ref>{{cite book | author = Felsenfeld O |title = Borrelia: Strains, Vectors, Human and Animal Borreliosis| location = St. Louis | publisher = Warren H. Green, Inc | year = 1971}}</ref>
==Species and Strains==
Until recently it was thought that only three genospecies caused Lyme disease (borreliosis): ''B. burgdorferi'' sensu stricto ( the predominant species in North America, but also present in Europe); ''B. afzelii''; and ''B. garinii'' (both predominant in Eurasia). To date the complete [[genome]] of ''B. burgdorferi'' sensu stricto strain B31, B. afzelii strain PKo and B. garinii strain PBi is known. ''B. burgdorferi'' strain B31 was derived by limited dilutional cloning from the original Lyme-disease tick isolate derived by Alan Barbour. There are over 300 species or strains of Borrelia world wide with apx 100 in the U.S. and it is unknown how many cause lyme like sickness, but many of them may.
At present, [[diagnostic]] tests are based only on ''B. burgdorferi'' sensu stricto (the only species used in the U.S.), ''B. afzelii'', and ''B. garinii''.
===Emerging Genospecies===
* ''B. valaisiana'' was identified as a genomic species from Strain VS116, and named B. valaisiana in 1997.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wang G, van Dam AP, Le Fleche A, ''et al'' |title=Genetic and phenotypic analysis of Borrelia valaisiana sp. nov. (Borrelia genomic groups VS116 and M19) |journal=Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=926-32 |year=1997 |pmid=9336888 |doi=}}</ref> It was later detected by [[Polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) in human [[cerebral spinal fluid]] (CSF) in Greece.<ref name="Diza">{{cite journal |author=Diza E, Papa A, Vezyri E, Tsounis S, Milonas I, Antoniadis A |title=Borrelia valaisiana in cerebrospinal fluid |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=1692-3 |year=2004 |pmid=15503409 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol10no9/03-0439.htm}}</ref> ''B. valaisiana'' has been isolated throughout Europe, as well east Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Masuzawa T |title=Terrestrial distribution of the Lyme borreliosis agent Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in East Asia |journal=Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=229-35 |year=2004 |pmid=15623946 |doi=}}</ref>
Newly discovered genospecies have also been found to cause disease in humans:
*''B. lusitaniae'' <ref name="Collares">{{cite journal | author=Collares-Pereira M, Couceiro S, Franca I, Kurtenbach K, Schafer SM, Vitorino L, Goncalves L, Baptista S, Vieira ML, Cunha C | title=First isolation of Borrelia lusitaniae from a human patient | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year=2004 | pages=1316-8 | volume=42 | issue=3 | id=PMID 15004107 | url=http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/reprint/42/3/1316.pdf | format=PDF}}</ref> in Europe (especially Portugal), North Africa and Asia.
*''B. bissettii'' <ref name="Postic">{{cite journal | author=Postic D, Ras NM, Lane RS, Hendson M, Baranton G | title=Expanded diversity among Californian borrelia isolates and description of Borrelia bissettii sp. nov. (formerly Borrelia group DN127) | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year=1998 | pages=3497-504 | volume=36 | issue=12 | id=PMID 9817861 | url=http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/reprint/36/12/3497.pdf | format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="Maraspin">{{cite journal | author=Maraspin V, Cimperman J, Lotric-Furlan S, Ruzic-Sabljic E, Jurca T, Picken RN, Strle F | title=Solitary borrelial lymphocytoma in adult patients | journal=Wien Klin Wochenschr | year=2002 | pages=515-23 | volume=114 | issue=13-14 | id=PMID 12422593}}</ref> in the U.S. and Europe.
*''B. spielmanii'' <ref name="Richter">{{cite journal | author=Richter D, Postic D, Sertour N, Livey I, Matuschka FR, Baranton G | title=Delineation of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species by multilocus sequence analysis and confirmation of the delineation of Borrelia spielmanii sp. nov | journal=Int J Syst Evol Microbiol | year=2006 | pages=873-81 | volume=56 | issue=Pt 4 | id=PMID 16585709}}</ref><ref name="Foldvari">{{cite journal | author=Foldvari G, Farkas R, Lakos A | title=Borrelia spielmanii erythema migrans, Hungary | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year=2005 | pages=1794-5 | volume=11 | issue=11 | id=PMID 16422006 | url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol11no11/05-0542.htm}}</ref> in Europe.
Additional ''B. burgdorferi'' sensu lato genospecies suspected of causing illness, but not confirmed by culture, include B. japonica, B. tanukii and B. turdae (Japan); B. sinica (China); and ''B. andersonii'' (U.S.). Some of these species are carried by ticks not currently recognized as carriers of Lyme disease.
The ''B. miyamotoi'' spirochete, related to the [[relapsing fever]] group of spirochetes, is also suspected of causing illness in Japan. Spirochetes similar to B. miyamotoi have recently been found in both I. ricinus ticks in Sweden and I. scapularis ticks in the U.S.<!--
  --><ref name="Scoles">{{cite journal | author=Scoles GA, Papero M, Beati L, Fish D | title=A relapsing fever group spirochete transmitted by Ixodes scapularis ticks | journal=Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis | year=2001 | pages=21-34 | volume=1 | issue=1 | id=PMID 12653133}}</ref><!--
  --><ref name="Bunikis-b">{{cite journal | author=Bunikis J, Tsao J, Garpmo U, Berglund J, Fish D, Barbour AG | title=Typing of Borrelia relapsing fever group strains | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year=2004 | pages=1661-4 | volume=10 | issue=9 | id=PMID 15498172}}</ref>
===B. lonestari===
Apart from this group of closely related genospecies, additional Borrelia species of interest include B. lonestari, a spirochete recently detected in the Amblyomma americanum tick (Lone Star tick) in the U.S.<!--
  --><ref name="Varela">{{cite journal | author=Varela AS, Luttrell MP, Howerth EW, Moore VA, Davidson WR, Stallknecht DE, Little SE | title=First culture isolation of Borrelia lonestari, putative agent of southern tick-associated rash illness | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year=2004 | pages=1163-9 | volume=42 | issue=3 | id=PMID 15004069 | url=http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/reprint/42/3/1163.pdf | format=PDF}}</ref><!--
--> ''B. lonestari'' is suspected of causing STARI (Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness), also known as Masters disease in honor of its discoverer Ed Masters. The illness follows a Lone Star tick bite and clinically resembles Lyme disease, but sufferers usually test negative for Lyme.<!--
  --><ref name="Masters">{{cite journal | author=Masters E, Granter S, Duray P, Cordes P | title=Physician-diagnosed erythema migrans and erythema migrans-like rashes following Lone Star tick bites | journal=Arch Dermatol | year=1998 | pages=955-60 | volume=134 | issue=8 | id=PMID 9722725}}</ref>There is currently no diagnostic test available for STARI/Masters, and no official treatment protocol, though antibiotics are generally prescribed.


==Gallery==
==Gallery==

Revision as of 18:51, 17 August 2015

Borrelia burgdorferi
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Spirochaetes
Class: Spirochaetes
Order: Spirochaetales
Genus: Borrelia
Species: B. burgdorferi
Binomial name
Borrelia burgdorferi

Lyme disease Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Epidemiology and Demographics

Causes

Differentiating Lyme disease from other Diseases

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

ECG

X-ray

CT scan

MRI

Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Sudies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Borrelia burgdorferi On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Borrelia burgdorferi

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Borrelia burgdorferi

CDC on Borrelia burgdorferi

Borrelia burgdorferi in the news

Blogs on Borrelia burgdorferi

Directions to Hospitals Treating Lyme disease

Risk calculators and risk factors for Borrelia burgdorferi

This page is about microbiologic aspects of the organism(s).  For clinical aspects of the disease, see Lyme disease.

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [2] Template:Seealso

Main article: Lyme disease microbiology

Overview

Borrelia burgdorferi is species of bacteria of the spirochete class of the genus Borrelia. B. burgdorferi is predominant in North America, but also exists in Europe, and is the agent of Lyme disease. It is a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted by ticks and is named after the researcher Willy Burgdorfer who first isolated the bacterium in 1982. B. burgdorferi is one of the few pathogenic bacteria that can survive without iron, having replaced all of its iron-sulphur cluster enzymes with enzymes that use manganese, thus avoiding the problem many pathogenic bacteria face in acquiring iron. B. burgdorferi infections have been linked to non-Hodgkin lymphomas.[1]

Organism

Borrelia burgdorferi the causative agent of Lyme disease (borreliosis). Magnified 400 times.

Lyme disease, or Lyme borreliosis, is caused by Gram negative spirochetal bacteria from the genus Borrelia, which has at least 37 known species, 12 of which are Lyme related, and an unknown number of genomic strains. Borrelia species known to cause Lyme disease are collectively known as Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.

Borrelia are microaerophillic and slow-growing—the primary reason for the long delays when diagnosing Lyme disease—and have been found to have greater strain diversity than previously estimated.[2] The strains differ in clinical symptoms and/or presentation as well as geographic distribution.[3]

Except for Borrelia recurrentis (which causes louse-borne relapsing fever and is transmitted by the human body louse), all known species are believed to be transmitted by ticks.[4]

Species and Strains

Until recently it was thought that only three genospecies caused Lyme disease (borreliosis): B. burgdorferi sensu stricto ( the predominant species in North America, but also present in Europe); B. afzelii; and B. garinii (both predominant in Eurasia). To date the complete genome of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto strain B31, B. afzelii strain PKo and B. garinii strain PBi is known. B. burgdorferi strain B31 was derived by limited dilutional cloning from the original Lyme-disease tick isolate derived by Alan Barbour. There are over 300 species or strains of Borrelia world wide with apx 100 in the U.S. and it is unknown how many cause lyme like sickness, but many of them may.

At present, diagnostic tests are based only on B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (the only species used in the U.S.), B. afzelii, and B. garinii.

Emerging Genospecies

  • B. valaisiana was identified as a genomic species from Strain VS116, and named B. valaisiana in 1997.[5] It was later detected by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in human cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) in Greece.[6] B. valaisiana has been isolated throughout Europe, as well east Asia.[7]

Newly discovered genospecies have also been found to cause disease in humans:

  • B. lusitaniae [8] in Europe (especially Portugal), North Africa and Asia.
  • B. bissettii [9][10] in the U.S. and Europe.

Additional B. burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies suspected of causing illness, but not confirmed by culture, include B. japonica, B. tanukii and B. turdae (Japan); B. sinica (China); and B. andersonii (U.S.). Some of these species are carried by ticks not currently recognized as carriers of Lyme disease.

The B. miyamotoi spirochete, related to the relapsing fever group of spirochetes, is also suspected of causing illness in Japan. Spirochetes similar to B. miyamotoi have recently been found in both I. ricinus ticks in Sweden and I. scapularis ticks in the U.S.[13][14]

B. lonestari

Apart from this group of closely related genospecies, additional Borrelia species of interest include B. lonestari, a spirochete recently detected in the Amblyomma americanum tick (Lone Star tick) in the U.S.[15] B. lonestari is suspected of causing STARI (Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness), also known as Masters disease in honor of its discoverer Ed Masters. The illness follows a Lone Star tick bite and clinically resembles Lyme disease, but sufferers usually test negative for Lyme.[16]There is currently no diagnostic test available for STARI/Masters, and no official treatment protocol, though antibiotics are generally prescribed.

Gallery

References

  1. ↑ Guidoboni M, Ferreri AJ, Ponzoni M, Doglioni C, Dolcetti R (2006). "Infectious agents in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-type lymphomas: pathogenic role and therapeutic perspectives". Clinical lymphoma & myeloma. 6 (4): 289–300. PMID 16507206.
  2. ↑ Bunikis J, Garpmo U, Tsao J, Berglund J, Fish D, Barbour AG (2004). "Sequence typing reveals extensive strain diversity of the Lyme borreliosis agents Borrelia burgdorferi in North America and Borrelia afzelii in Europe" (PDF). Microbiology. 150 (Pt 6): 1741–55. PMID 15184561.
  3. ↑ Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed. ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
  4. ↑ Felsenfeld O (1971). Borrelia: Strains, Vectors, Human and Animal Borreliosis. St. Louis: Warren H. Green, Inc.
  5. ↑ Wang G, van Dam AP, Le Fleche A; et al. (1997). "Genetic and phenotypic analysis of Borrelia valaisiana sp. nov. (Borrelia genomic groups VS116 and M19)". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47 (4): 926–32. PMID 9336888.
  6. ↑ Diza E, Papa A, Vezyri E, Tsounis S, Milonas I, Antoniadis A (2004). "Borrelia valaisiana in cerebrospinal fluid". Emerging Infect. Dis. 10 (9): 1692–3. PMID 15503409.
  7. ↑ Masuzawa T (2004). "Terrestrial distribution of the Lyme borreliosis agent Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in East Asia". Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 57 (6): 229–35. PMID 15623946.
  8. ↑ Collares-Pereira M, Couceiro S, Franca I, Kurtenbach K, Schafer SM, Vitorino L, Goncalves L, Baptista S, Vieira ML, Cunha C (2004). "First isolation of Borrelia lusitaniae from a human patient" (PDF). J Clin Microbiol. 42 (3): 1316–8. PMID 15004107.
  9. ↑ Postic D, Ras NM, Lane RS, Hendson M, Baranton G (1998). "Expanded diversity among Californian borrelia isolates and description of Borrelia bissettii sp. nov. (formerly Borrelia group DN127)" (PDF). J Clin Microbiol. 36 (12): 3497–504. PMID 9817861.
  10. ↑ Maraspin V, Cimperman J, Lotric-Furlan S, Ruzic-Sabljic E, Jurca T, Picken RN, Strle F (2002). "Solitary borrelial lymphocytoma in adult patients". Wien Klin Wochenschr. 114 (13–14): 515–23. PMID 12422593.
  11. ↑ Richter D, Postic D, Sertour N, Livey I, Matuschka FR, Baranton G (2006). "Delineation of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species by multilocus sequence analysis and confirmation of the delineation of Borrelia spielmanii sp. nov". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 56 (Pt 4): 873–81. PMID 16585709.
  12. ↑ Foldvari G, Farkas R, Lakos A (2005). "Borrelia spielmanii erythema migrans, Hungary". Emerg Infect Dis. 11 (11): 1794–5. PMID 16422006.
  13. ↑ Scoles GA, Papero M, Beati L, Fish D (2001). "A relapsing fever group spirochete transmitted by Ixodes scapularis ticks". Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 1 (1): 21–34. PMID 12653133.
  14. ↑ Bunikis J, Tsao J, Garpmo U, Berglund J, Fish D, Barbour AG (2004). "Typing of Borrelia relapsing fever group strains". Emerg Infect Dis. 10 (9): 1661–4. PMID 15498172.
  15. ↑ Varela AS, Luttrell MP, Howerth EW, Moore VA, Davidson WR, Stallknecht DE, Little SE (2004). "First culture isolation of Borrelia lonestari, putative agent of southern tick-associated rash illness" (PDF). J Clin Microbiol. 42 (3): 1163–9. PMID 15004069.
  16. ↑ Masters E, Granter S, Duray P, Cordes P (1998). "Physician-diagnosed erythema migrans and erythema migrans-like rashes following Lone Star tick bites". Arch Dermatol. 134 (8): 955–60. PMID 9722725.
  17. ↑ 17.00 17.01 17.02 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.06 17.07 17.08 17.09 17.10 17.11 17.12 17.13 17.14 17.15 17.16 17.17 17.18 17.19 17.20 17.21 17.22 17.23 17.24 17.25 17.26 17.27 17.28 17.29 17.30 17.31 17.32 17.33 17.34 17.35 17.36 17.37 17.38 17.39 17.40 17.41 17.42 17.43 "Public Health Image Library (PHIL)".

See Also

External Links


de:Wanderröte


Template:WS

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Borrelia_burgdorferi&oldid=1133831"