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==Overview==
==Overview==
Amoebiasis is a worldwide infection whose incidence is highly dependent on sanitation practices. Worldwide, the annual incidence of amoebiasis is approximately 50 million cases. Prevalence of amoebiasis ranges from approximately 4% in the USA to 50% in certain regions in developing countries. It is thought that the prevalence of ''E. dispar'' is much higher than that of ''E. histolytica'', but ''E. dispar'' is frequently undiagnosed because colonized individuals are almost always asymptomatic. Worldwide, approximately 500 million individuals are thought to be colonized by ''E. dispar''. Worldwide, amoabiasis is associated with 100,000 deaths each year and a case-fatality rate of approximately 200 per 100,000 cases. Elderly patients and young children are at higher risk of developing amoebiasis than adults, but adults are at higher risk of developing amebic liver abscess than children. Men are at higher risk of developing invasive amoebiasis and amebic liver abscess than women. In the USA, the prevalence of amoebiasis is much more common among Hispanic and Asian immigrants and immigrants from Pacific Islands. However, the higher prevalence is though to be due to the immigration status, not due to ethnic differences.
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
It is estimated by the WHO that about 70,000 people die annually worldwide. Since amoebiasis is transmitted through contaminated food and water, it is often endemic in regions of the world with limited modern [[sanitation]] systems, including Mexico, western South America, South Asia, and western and southern Africa.
===Incidence and Prevalence===
===Relative frequency of the disease===
*Amoebiasis is a worldwide infection whose incidence is highly dependent on sanitation practices.
In older textbooks it is often stated that 10% of the world's population is infected with ''[[Entamoeba histolytica]]''. It is now known that at least 90% of these infections are due to E. dispar. Nevertheless, this means that there are up to 50 million true ''E. histolytica'' infections and approximately seventy thousand die each year, mostly from liver abscesses or other complications. Although usually considered a tropical parasite, the first case reported (in 1875) was actually in St Petersburg in Russia, near the Arctic Circle. Infection is more common in warmer areas, but this is both because of poorer hygiene and because the parasite cysts survive longer in warm moist conditions.  
*Worldwide, the annual incidence of amoebiasis is approximately 50 million cases.<ref name="pmid17716437">{{cite journal| author=Valenzuela O, Morán P, Gómez A, Cordova K, Corrales N, Cardoza J et al.| title=Epidemiology of amoebic liver abscess in Mexico: the case of Sonora. | journal=Ann Trop Med Parasitol | year= 2007 | volume= 101 | issue= 6 | pages= 533-8 | pmid=17716437 | doi=10.1179/136485907X193851 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17716437  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17437396">{{cite journal| author=van Hal SJ, Stark DJ, Fotedar R, Marriott D, Ellis JT, Harkness JL| title=Amoebiasis: current status in Australia. | journal=Med J Aust | year= 2007 | volume= 186 | issue= 8 | pages= 412-6 | pmid=17437396 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17437396  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19540361">{{cite journal| author=Ximénez C, Morán P, Rojas L, Valadez A, Gómez A| title=Reassessment of the epidemiology of amebiasis: state of the art. | journal=Infect Genet Evol | year= 2009 | volume= 9 | issue= 6 | pages= 1023-32 | pmid=19540361 | doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2009.06.008 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19540361  }} </ref>
===Populations at risk===
*Prevalence of amoebiasis ranges from approximately 4% in the USA to 50% in certain regions in developing countries.<ref name="pmid22041740">{{cite journal| author=Tengku SA, Norhayati M| title=Public health and clinical importance of amoebiasis in Malaysia: a review. | journal=Trop Biomed | year= 2011 | volume= 28 | issue= 2 | pages= 194-222 | pmid=22041740 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22041740  }} </ref>
All people are believed to be susceptible to infection and there is no evidence that individuals with a damaged or undeveloped immunity may suffer more severe forms of the disease.
*It is thought that the prevalence of ''E. dispar'' is much higher than that of ''E. histolytica'', but ''E. dispar'' is frequently undiagnosed because colonized individuals are almost always asymptomatic. Worldwide, approximately 500 million individuals are thought to be colonized by ''E. dispar''.<ref name="pmid17630338">{{cite journal| author=Fotedar R, Stark D, Beebe N, Marriott D, Ellis J, Harkness J| title=Laboratory diagnostic techniques for Entamoeba species. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2007 | volume= 20 | issue= 3 | pages= 511-32, table of contents | pmid=17630338 | doi=10.1128/CMR.00004-07 | pmc=PMC1932757 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17630338  }} </ref>
*In the USA, amoebiasis is more common among immigrants (Hispanic, Asian, or from Pacific Islands) than other groups.
 
===Mortality===
*Worldwide, amoabiasis is associated with 100,000 deaths each year and a case-fatality rate of approximately 200 per 100,000 cases.<ref name="pmid17716437">{{cite journal| author=Valenzuela O, Morán P, Gómez A, Cordova K, Corrales N, Cardoza J et al.| title=Epidemiology of amoebic liver abscess in Mexico: the case of Sonora. | journal=Ann Trop Med Parasitol | year= 2007 | volume= 101 | issue= 6 | pages= 533-8 | pmid=17716437 | doi=10.1179/136485907X193851 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17716437  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17437396">{{cite journal| author=van Hal SJ, Stark DJ, Fotedar R, Marriott D, Ellis JT, Harkness JL| title=Amoebiasis: current status in Australia. | journal=Med J Aust | year= 2007 | volume= 186 | issue= 8 | pages= 412-6 | pmid=17437396 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17437396  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19540361">{{cite journal| author=Ximénez C, Morán P, Rojas L, Valadez A, Gómez A| title=Reassessment of the epidemiology of amebiasis: state of the art. | journal=Infect Genet Evol | year= 2009 | volume= 9 | issue= 6 | pages= 1023-32 | pmid=19540361 | doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2009.06.008 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19540361  }} </ref>
*Fewer than 10 amoebiasis-related deaths are reported annually in the USA.
 
===Age===
*Elderly patients and young children are at higher risk of developing amoebiasis than adults.
*Adults are at higher risk of developing amebic liver abscess than children (the incidence of amebic liver abscess is up to 10x higher in adults than in children).
 
===Gender===
*There is no gender predilection for the development of amoebiasis.
*Men are at higher risk of developing invasive amoebiasis and amebic liver abscess than women (the incidence of amebic liver abscess is up to 3x-10x higher in men than in women).
 
===Ethnicity===
*In the USA, the prevalence of amoebiasis is much more common among Hispanic and Asian immigrants and immigrants from Pacific Islands. However, the higher prevalence is though to be due to the immigration status, not due to ethnic differences.
 
===Developing Countries===
*The incidence of amoebiasis is higher in developing countries than in developed countries, particulary in regioins with poor sanitation systems.
*The incidence of amoebiasis may reach up to 50% in certain regions.
 
===Developed Countries===
*The incidence of amoebiasis is much lower in developed countries than in developing countries. The lower incidence is attributed to access to safe drinking water and food handling.
 
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


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Latest revision as of 21:15, 11 March 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yazan Daaboul, M.D.; Serge Korjian M.D.

Overview

Amoebiasis is a worldwide infection whose incidence is highly dependent on sanitation practices. Worldwide, the annual incidence of amoebiasis is approximately 50 million cases. Prevalence of amoebiasis ranges from approximately 4% in the USA to 50% in certain regions in developing countries. It is thought that the prevalence of E. dispar is much higher than that of E. histolytica, but E. dispar is frequently undiagnosed because colonized individuals are almost always asymptomatic. Worldwide, approximately 500 million individuals are thought to be colonized by E. dispar. Worldwide, amoabiasis is associated with 100,000 deaths each year and a case-fatality rate of approximately 200 per 100,000 cases. Elderly patients and young children are at higher risk of developing amoebiasis than adults, but adults are at higher risk of developing amebic liver abscess than children. Men are at higher risk of developing invasive amoebiasis and amebic liver abscess than women. In the USA, the prevalence of amoebiasis is much more common among Hispanic and Asian immigrants and immigrants from Pacific Islands. However, the higher prevalence is though to be due to the immigration status, not due to ethnic differences.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence and Prevalence

  • Amoebiasis is a worldwide infection whose incidence is highly dependent on sanitation practices.
  • Worldwide, the annual incidence of amoebiasis is approximately 50 million cases.[1][2][3]
  • Prevalence of amoebiasis ranges from approximately 4% in the USA to 50% in certain regions in developing countries.[4]
  • It is thought that the prevalence of E. dispar is much higher than that of E. histolytica, but E. dispar is frequently undiagnosed because colonized individuals are almost always asymptomatic. Worldwide, approximately 500 million individuals are thought to be colonized by E. dispar.[5]
  • In the USA, amoebiasis is more common among immigrants (Hispanic, Asian, or from Pacific Islands) than other groups.

Mortality

  • Worldwide, amoabiasis is associated with 100,000 deaths each year and a case-fatality rate of approximately 200 per 100,000 cases.[1][2][3]
  • Fewer than 10 amoebiasis-related deaths are reported annually in the USA.

Age

  • Elderly patients and young children are at higher risk of developing amoebiasis than adults.
  • Adults are at higher risk of developing amebic liver abscess than children (the incidence of amebic liver abscess is up to 10x higher in adults than in children).

Gender

  • There is no gender predilection for the development of amoebiasis.
  • Men are at higher risk of developing invasive amoebiasis and amebic liver abscess than women (the incidence of amebic liver abscess is up to 3x-10x higher in men than in women).

Ethnicity

  • In the USA, the prevalence of amoebiasis is much more common among Hispanic and Asian immigrants and immigrants from Pacific Islands. However, the higher prevalence is though to be due to the immigration status, not due to ethnic differences.

Developing Countries

  • The incidence of amoebiasis is higher in developing countries than in developed countries, particulary in regioins with poor sanitation systems.
  • The incidence of amoebiasis may reach up to 50% in certain regions.

Developed Countries

  • The incidence of amoebiasis is much lower in developed countries than in developing countries. The lower incidence is attributed to access to safe drinking water and food handling.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Valenzuela O, Morán P, Gómez A, Cordova K, Corrales N, Cardoza J; et al. (2007). "Epidemiology of amoebic liver abscess in Mexico: the case of Sonora". Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 101 (6): 533–8. doi:10.1179/136485907X193851. PMID 17716437.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 van Hal SJ, Stark DJ, Fotedar R, Marriott D, Ellis JT, Harkness JL (2007). "Amoebiasis: current status in Australia". Med J Aust. 186 (8): 412–6. PMID 17437396.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Ximénez C, Morán P, Rojas L, Valadez A, Gómez A (2009). "Reassessment of the epidemiology of amebiasis: state of the art". Infect Genet Evol. 9 (6): 1023–32. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2009.06.008. PMID 19540361.
  4. ↑ Tengku SA, Norhayati M (2011). "Public health and clinical importance of amoebiasis in Malaysia: a review". Trop Biomed. 28 (2): 194–222. PMID 22041740.
  5. ↑ Fotedar R, Stark D, Beebe N, Marriott D, Ellis J, Harkness J (2007). "Laboratory diagnostic techniques for Entamoeba species". Clin Microbiol Rev. 20 (3): 511–32, table of contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.00004-07. PMC 1932757. PMID 17630338.


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