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Latest revision as of 18:06, 18 September 2017

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Symptoms of infectious mononucleosis are fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph glands. Sometimes, a splenomegaly or hepatomegaly may develop. Heart problems or involvement of the central nervous system occurs only rarely, and infectious mononucleosis is almost never fatal. There are no known associations between active EBV infection and problems during pregnancy, such as miscarriages or birth defects. Although the symptoms of infectious mononucleosis usually resolve in 1 or 2 months, EBV remains dormant or latent in a few cells in the throat and blood for the rest of the person's life. Periodically, the virus can reactivate and is commonly found in the saliva of infected persons. This reactivation usually occurs without symptoms of illness.

History and Symptoms

Active EBV Infection

Asymptomatic

In small children, the course of the disease is frequently asymptomatic.
Majority of adults infected with mono also remain asymptomatic with serological evidence of past infection.

Initial Prodrome

Incubation period: 1-2 months

Common symptoms include:

Low-grade fever without chills is seen in nearly all cases
Sore throat: white patches on the tonsils and back of the throat are often seen
Muscle weakness and sometime extreme fatigue
Tender lymphadenopathy, particularly the posterior cervical lymph nodes are involved

Other symptoms that have been described in patients with EBV infection include:

Unable to swallow due to enlarged tonsils
Dry cough

Loss of appetite
Anorexia
Nausea without vomiting
Abdominal pain- a possible symptom of a potentially fatal rupture of the spleen.^[1]
Diarrhea

Uncommon symptoms include:

Headache
Depression
Dizziness or disorientation
Uncontrolled shaking at times
Myalgia (only in cases of severe high-grade fever)

Atypical Rare Presentations

Neurological involvement:

Cardiac involvement:

Myocarditis

Abdominal involvement:

Chronic EBV Infection

The course of the disease can also be chronic presenting with chronic fatigue syndrome which is a variant of mononucleosis

Symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome include:

However, the above mentioned symptoms need to be present for months or years to be classified as chronic EBV syndrome or chronic fatigue syndrome.

References

↑ Chapman AL, Watkin R, Ellis CJ (2002). "Abdominal pain in acute infectious mononucleosis". BMJ. 324 (7338): 660–1. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7338.660. PMID 11895827.

Template:WikiDoc Sources

[1] Chapman AL, Watkin R, Ellis CJ (2002). "Abdominal pain in acute infectious mononucleosis". BMJ. 324 (7338): 660–1. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7338.660. PMID 11895827.

[1]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+__NOTOC__
 {{Mononucleosis}}
 {{CMG}}
 ==Overview==
-Symptoms of infectious mononucleosis are [[fever]], [[sore throat]], and [[Lymphadenopathy|swollen lymph glands]]. Sometimes, a [[splenomegaly]] or [[hepatomegaly]] may develop. Heart problems or involvement of the central nervous system occurs only rarely, and [[infectious mononucleosis]] is '''almost never fatal'''.
+Symptoms of infectious mononucleosis are [[fever]], [[sore throat]], and [[Lymphadenopathy|swollen lymph glands]]. Sometimes, a [[splenomegaly]] or [[hepatomegaly]] may develop. Heart problems or involvement of the central nervous system occurs only rarely, and [[infectious mononucleosis]] is almost never fatal. There are no known associations between active EBV infection and problems during pregnancy, such as miscarriages or birth defects. Although the symptoms of [[infectious mononucleosis]] usually resolve in 1 or 2 months, [[EBV]] remains dormant or latent in a few cells in the throat and blood for the rest of the person's life. Periodically, the virus can reactivate and is commonly found in the saliva of infected persons. This reactivation usually occurs without symptoms of illness.
-There are no known associations between active EBV infection and problems during '''''pregnancy''''', such as miscarriages or birth defects.
+==History and Symptoms==
-Although the symptoms of [[infectious mononucleosis]] usually resolve in 1 or 2 months, [[EBV]] remains '''''dormant or latent''''' in a few cells in the throat and blood for the rest of the person's life. Periodically, the virus can reactivate and is commonly found in the saliva of infected persons. This reactivation usually occurs without symptoms of illness.
+===Active EBV Infection===
+====Asymptomatic====
+*In small children, the course of the disease is frequently asymptomatic.
+*Majority of adults infected with ''mono'' also remain asymptomatic with serological evidence of past infection.
-==Symptoms==
+====Initial Prodrome====
-===Initial Prodrome===
+*Incubation period: 1-2 months
-*'''''Common symptoms''''' include:
-:*[[Fever]]: varies from mild to severe, but is seen in nearly all cases.
+*Common symptoms include:
-:*Tender and enlarged/swollen [[lymph node]]: particularly the posterior [[cervical lymph nodes]].
+:*Low-grade [[fever]] without chills is seen in nearly all cases
 :*[[Sore throat]]: white patches on the tonsils and back of the throat are often seen
 :*[[Muscle weakness]] and sometime extreme [[fatigue]]
+:*Tender [[lymphadenopathy]], particularly the posterior [[cervical lymph nodes]] are involved
+*Other symptoms that have been described in patients with [[EBV|EBV infection]] include:
+:*Unable to swallow due to [[tonsils|enlarged tonsils]]
+:*[[cough|Dry cough]]
-*Some patients also display:
+:*[[Loss of appetite]]
+:*[[Anorexia]]
+:*[[Nausea]] without [[vomiting]]
+:*[[Abdominal pain]]- a possible symptom of a potentially fatal rupture of the spleen.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chapman AL, Watkin R, Ellis CJ |title=Abdominal pain in acute infectious mononucleosis |journal=BMJ |volume=324 |issue=7338 |pages=660–1 |year=2002 |pmid=11895827 |doi=10.1136/bmj.324.7338.660}}</ref>
+:*[[Diarrhea]]
+*Uncommon symptoms include:
 :*[[Petechial]] [[hemorrhage]]
-:*[[Abdominal pain]]- a possible symptom of a potentially fatal rupture of the spleen.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chapman AL, Watkin R, Ellis CJ |title=Abdominal pain in acute infectious mononucleosis |journal=BMJ |volume=324 |issue=7338 |pages=660–1 |year=2002 |pmid=11895827 |doi=10.1136/bmj.324.7338.660}}</ref>
+:*[[Skin rash]]
-:*[[Myalgia]]
 :*[[Headache]]
-:*[[Loss of appetite]]
+:*[[Depression (mood)|Depression]]
-:*[[Depression (mood)|Depression]]
-:*[[Skin rash]]
-:*[[Diarrhea]]
 :*[[Dizziness]] or [[disorientation]]
 :*Uncontrolled shaking at times
-:*Unable to swallow due to enlarged [[tonsils]]
+:*[[Myalgia]] (only in cases of severe high-grade [[fever]])
-:*Dry [[cough]]
-===Dormant Infection===
-*After an initial [[prodrome]] of 1-2 weeks, the [[fatigue]] of infectious mononucleosis often lasts from 1-2 months. The virus can remain dormant in the [[B cells]] indefinitely after symptoms have disappeared, and resurface at a later date. Many people exposed to the [[Epstein-Barr virus]] do not show symptoms of the disease, but carry the virus. This is especially true in children, in whom infection seldom causes more than a very mild cold which often goes undiagnosed. Children are typically just carriers of the disease. This feature, along with mono's long (4 to 6 week) [[incubation period]], makes [[epidemiology|epidemiological]] control of the disease impractical. About 6% of people who have had infectious mononucleosis will relapse.
-===Recovery===
+====Atypical Rare Presentations====
-*Usually, the longer the infected person experiences the symptoms, the more the infection weakens the person's immune system, and hence the longer time is required to recover.
+*Neurological involvement:
+:*[[Encephalitis physical examination|Encephalitis]]
+:*[[Aseptic meningitis]]
+:*[[Transverse myelitis]]
+:*[[Bell's palsy]]
+:*[[Guillain-Barré syndrome physical examination|Guillain-Barré syndrome]]
-*Cyclical reactivation of the virus, although rare in healthy people, is often a sign of immunological abnormalities in the small subset of organic disease patients in which the virus is active or reactivated.
+*Cardiac involvement:
+:*[[Myocarditis physical examination|Myocarditis]]
-===Other diseases with similar presentation===
+*Abdominal involvement:
-*Although all cases of mononucleosis are caused by the [[EBV]], [[cytomegalovirus]] can produce a similar illness, usually with less [[throat pain]]. Due to the presence of the [[lymphocytes|atypical lymphocytes]] on the blood smear in both conditions, some physicians confusingly used to include both infections under the diagnosis of "mononucleosis," though EBV is by definition the infection that must be present for  this illness.
+:*[[Pancreatitis]]
+:*[[Cholecystitis physical examination|Acalculous cholecystitis]]
+:*[[Mesenteric adenitis]]
+:*[[Glomerulonephritis]]
-*Symptoms similar to those of mononucleosis can be caused by [[adenovirus]], acute HIV infection and the [[protozoa]]n ''[[Toxoplasma gondii]]''.
+===Chronic EBV Infection===
+*The course of the disease can also be chronic presenting with [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] which is a variant of mononucleosis
-==Atypical presentations==
+*Symptoms of [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] include:
-*In small children, the course of the disease is frequently asymptomatic. The course of the disease can also be chronic. Some patients suffer [[fever]], tiredness, [[fatigue|abnormal fatigue]], [[depression]], [[lethargy]], and [[lymphadenopathy|chronic lymph node swelling]], for months or years. This variant of mononucleosis has been referred to as chronic EBV syndrome or [[chronic fatigue syndrome]], although the most recent medical studies have discounted the link between [[EBV|chronic EBV infection]] and [[chronic fatigue syndrome]]. In case of a weakening of the immune system, a reactivation of the Epstein-Barr Virus is possible; in CFS there is evidence of immune activation also.
+:*[[Fever]]
+:*[[Lethargy|Tiredness]]
+:*[[fatigue|Abnormal fatigue]]
+:*[[Depression]]
+:*[[Lethargy]]
+:*[[lymphadenopathy|Chronic lymph node swelling]]
-*Although studies conducted by the CDC and others have discounted a link between [[EBV]] and [[chronic fatigue syndrome|CFS]], some patients anecdotally report that chronic fatigue lasting for years after mono is part of a CFS. This confusion seems to lie in the nature of the link (note any association does not prove or disprove causality) and possible misapprehension as to the syndromic nature of CFS. Current studies suggest there is an association between infectious mononucleosis and CFS <ref> Hickie I, Davenport T, Wakefield D, Vollmer-Conna U, Cameron B, Vernon SD, Reeves WC, Lloyd A; Dubbo Infection Outcomes Study Group. Post-infective and chronic fatigue syndromes precipitated by viral and non-viral pathogens: prospective cohort study.
+*However, the above mentioned symptoms need to be present for months or years to be classified as [[EBV|chronic EBV syndrome]] or [[chronic fatigue syndrome]].
-BMJ. 2006 Sep 16;333(7568):575
-</ref>. "Chronic fatigue states" appear to occur in 10% of those who contract mononucleosis<ref>Hickie I, Davenport T, Wakefield D, Vollmer-Conna U, Cameron B, Vernon SD, Reeves WC, Lloyd A; Dubbo Infection Outcomes Study Group. Post-infective and chronic fatigue syndromes precipitated by viral and non-viral pathogens: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2006 Sep 16;333(7568):575 </ref> Some confusion here may be due to the use of a new, broadened revision of the CFS research criteria, which has been criticised as overly inclusive. Although chronic fatigue may then be a rather common side effect of infectious mononucleosis, it should be noted that CFS is more than "chronic fatigue", requiring at least four other symptoms, and a number of findings have been published which are not typical of EBV infection, although some complications may be shared. Additionally some CFS patients do not describe fatigue as their worst problem.
-*Perhaps a majority of chronic post infectious "fatigue states" appear not to be caused by a chronic viral infection, but be triggered by the acute infection. Direct and indirect evidence of persistent viral infection has been found in [[chronic fatigue syndrome|CFS]], for example in muscle and via detection of an unusually low molecular weight [[RNase L]] enzyme, although the commonality and significance of such findings is disputed. Hickie et al contend that mononucleosis appears to cause a hit and run ''injury'' to the brain in the early stages of the acute phase, thereby causing the chronic fatigue state. This would explain why in mononucleosis, fatigue very often lingers for months after the Epstein Barr Virus has been controlled by the immune system. However, it has also been noted in several (although altogether rare) cases that the only "symptom" displayed by a mononucleosis sufferer is elevated moods and higher energy levels, virtually the opposite of CFS and comparable to [[hypomania]]. Just how infectious mononucleosis changes the brain and causes fatigue (or lack thereof) in certain individuals remains to be seen. Such a mechanism may include activation of microglia in the brain of some individuals during the acute infection, thereby causing a slowly dissipating fatigue
 ==References==
@@ Line 60: / Line 79: @@
 [[Category:Disease]]
-[[Category:Infectious disease]]
 [[Category:Pediatrics]]
+[[Category:Medicine]]
+[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
+[[Category:Lymphocytes]]
+[[Category:Viral diseases]]