Milk-alkali syndrome laboratory findings: Difference between revisions

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{{Milk-alkali syndrome}}
{{Milk-alkali syndrome}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{SHA}}
==<s>Overview</s>==
 
==<s>Laboratory Findings</s>==
<s>Levels of [[serum]] [[calcium]] must be obtained, but a full workup must include total/ionized [[calcium]], [[human serum albumin|albumin]], [[phosphate]], [[PTH]], [[PTHrP]], [[vitamin D]] and [[TSH]].  In addition, evaluation of [[hypercalcemia]] must include an [[ECG]], which may show a short QT interval.</s>
==Overview==
==Overview==
The following laboratory findings are usually seen in milk-alkali syndrome: [[hypercalcemia]], [[metabolic alkalosis]], variable degrees of [[renal insufficiency]], low or normal [[phosphorus]], low [[Vitamin D]], and low [[Parathyroid hormone|PTH]].
==Laboratory Findings==
==Laboratory Findings==


* The following laboratory findings are seen in milk-alkali syndrome:
* The following laboratory findings are seen in milk-alkali syndrome:<ref name="pmid16702792">{{cite journal| author=Beall DP, Henslee HB, Webb HR, Scofield RH| title=Milk-alkali syndrome: a historical review and description of the modern version of the syndrome. | journal=Am J Med Sci | year= 2006 | volume= 331 | issue= 5 | pages= 233-42 | pmid=16702792 | doi=10.1097/00000441-200605000-00001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16702792  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19252114">{{cite journal| author=Medarov BI| title=Milk-alkali syndrome. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2009 | volume= 84 | issue= 3 | pages= 261-7 | pmid=19252114 | doi=10.1016/S0025-6196(11)61144-0 | pmc=2664604 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19252114  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3532984">{{cite journal| author=Kapsner P, Langsdorf L, Marcus R, Kraemer FB, Hoffman AR| title=Milk-alkali syndrome in patients treated with calcium carbonate after cardiac transplantation. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 1986 | volume= 146 | issue= 10 | pages= 1965-8 | pmid=3532984 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3532984  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23543983">{{cite journal| author=Arroyo M, Fenves AZ, Emmett M| title=The calcium-alkali syndrome. | journal=Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) | year= 2013 | volume= 26 | issue= 2 | pages= 179-81 | pmid=23543983 | doi=10.1080/08998280.2013.11928954 | pmc=3603742 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23543983  }} </ref>
**[[Hypercalcemia]]
**[[Hypercalcemia]]
**[[Metabolic alkalosis]]
**[[Metabolic alkalosis]]  
***Increase in [[bicarbonate]] and alkalotic [[pH]]  
**Variable degrees of [[renal insufficiency]]  
**Variable degrees of [[renal insufficiency]]  
**[[Phosphorus]] may be normal or low ([[phosphorus]] levels used to be high in the classic milk-alkali syndrome due to the high [[phosphorus]] load from cream and milk and the development of acute and chronic renal injury.)
**[[Phosphorus]] may be normal or low
**[[Vitamin D]] is usually low, but may be normal or increased if [[vitamin D]] supplements are the cause to milk-alkali syndrome. 8
***[[Phosphorus]] levels used to be high in the classic milk-alkali syndrome due to the high [[phosphorus]] load from cream and milk consumption and renal insufficiency
**[[Parathyroid hormone|Parathyroid hormone (PTH)]] is usually low, but is occasionally normal which may be because of [[renal insufficiency]] or a rapid decrease in serum [[calcium]] after aggressive therapy with [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous]] [[Saline (medicine)|saline]] . (7)  
**[[Vitamin D]] is usually low
*** [[Parathyroid hormone|PTH]] should be checked in order to rule out primary [[hyperparathyroidism]].  
**[[Parathyroid hormone|Parathyroid hormone (PTH)]] is usually low
***[[Parathyroid hormone|PTH]] should be checked in order to rule out primary [[hyperparathyroidism]].  


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 13:08, 16 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shakiba Hassanzadeh, MD[2]

Overview

The following laboratory findings are usually seen in milk-alkali syndrome: hypercalcemia, metabolic alkalosis, variable degrees of renal insufficiency, low or normal phosphorus, low Vitamin D, and low PTH.

Laboratory Findings

References

  1. Beall DP, Henslee HB, Webb HR, Scofield RH (2006). "Milk-alkali syndrome: a historical review and description of the modern version of the syndrome". Am J Med Sci. 331 (5): 233–42. doi:10.1097/00000441-200605000-00001. PMID 16702792.
  2. Medarov BI (2009). "Milk-alkali syndrome". Mayo Clin Proc. 84 (3): 261–7. doi:10.1016/S0025-6196(11)61144-0. PMC 2664604. PMID 19252114.
  3. Kapsner P, Langsdorf L, Marcus R, Kraemer FB, Hoffman AR (1986). "Milk-alkali syndrome in patients treated with calcium carbonate after cardiac transplantation". Arch Intern Med. 146 (10): 1965–8. PMID 3532984.
  4. Arroyo M, Fenves AZ, Emmett M (2013). "The calcium-alkali syndrome". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 26 (2): 179–81. doi:10.1080/08998280.2013.11928954. PMC 3603742. PMID 23543983.

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