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{{Plummer-Vinson syndrome}}
{{Plummer-Vinson syndrome}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
The cause of Plummer-Vinson syndrome is unknown; however, [[iron deficiency anemia]], [[Genetics|genetic]] factors and [[nutrition|nutritional deficiencies]] may play a role. [[Iron deficiency anemia]] is the most widely regarded cause of Plummer-Vinson syndrome and can be due to increased [[iron]] demand, decreased intake and [[malabsorption]] [[syndromes]].


==Causes==
==Causes==
The cause of Plummer-Vinson syndrome is unknown; however, [[Genetics|genetic]] factors and [[nutrition|nutritional deficiencies]] may play a role.
The cause of Plummer-Vinson syndrome is unknown; however, [[iron deficiency anemia]], [[Genetics|genetic]] factors and [[nutrition|nutritional deficiencies]] may play a role. [[Iron deficiency anemia]] is the most widely regarded cause of Plummer-Vinson syndrome and can be due to:
===Increased Iron Requirement===
 
====Physiological====
===Common causes===
* [[Growth]]
Common causes of iron deficiency anemia associated with Plummer-Vinson syndrome include conditions which lead to [[iron]] demand, decreased intake and [[Malabsorption syndrome|malabsorption syndromes]]. These conditions are described below:<ref name="pmid16978405">{{cite journal |author=Novacek G |title=Plummer-Vinson syndrome |journal=Orphanet J Rare Dis |volume=1 |issue= |pages=36 |year=2006 |pmid=16978405 |doi=10.1186/1750-1172-1-36 |url=http://www.ojrd.com/content/1//36}}</ref><ref name="pmid26658794">{{cite journal |vauthors=Changela K, Haeri NS, Krishnaiah M, Reddy M |title=Plummer-Vinson Syndrome with Proximal Esophageal Web |journal=J. Gastrointest. Surg. |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=1074–5 |year=2016 |pmid=26658794 |doi=10.1007/s11605-015-3051-5 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26411779">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sugiura Y, Nakagawa M, Hashizume T, Nemoto E, Kaseda S |title=Iron Supplementation Improved Dysphagia Related to Plummer-Vinson Syndrome |journal=Keio J Med |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=48–50 |year=2015 |pmid=26411779 |doi=10.2302/kjm.2014-0011-CR |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23707464">{{cite journal |vauthors=Masri O, Sharara AI |title=Plummer-Vinson syndrome |journal=Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=e85 |year=2013 |pmid=23707464 |doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2013.05.012 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19879220">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zimmer V, Buecker A, Lammert F |title=Sideropenic dysphagia |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=137 |issue=6 |pages=e1–2 |year=2009 |pmid=19879220 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2009.03.051 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Pregnancy]]


====Pathological====
*Physiological conditions with increased [[iron]] requirements such as:
** [[Growth]]
** [[Pregnancy]]
** Frequent [[blood donation]]


=====Blood Loss=====
*Conditions promoting blood loss leads to an increased demand of iron by the body. These include:
* Mensturation
** [[Menstruation]]
* Gastrointestinal tract (Bleeding from the [[gastrointestinal tract]] ([[ulcers]], [[hemorrhoid]]s, [[Esophageal varices]], The use of [[aspirin]], [[ibuprofen]], or [[Arthritis (patient information)|arthritis]] medicines for a long time, Cancer in the esophagus, stomach, or colon)
** [[Gastrointestinal tract]] disorders such as:
** Food sensitivity
**:*[[Peptic ulcers]]  
** [[Hookworm]]s
**:*[[Hemorrhoid]]s
* [[Genitourinary tract]]
**:*[[Esophageal varices]]
* [[Respiratory tract]] (Rarely [[laryngological]] bleeding or from the [[respiratory tract]])
**:*NSAIDs ([[aspirin]],[[ibuprofen]])
* Blood donation
**:*[[Esophageal cancer|Cancer of esophagus]], [[Stomach cancer|stomach]], or [[Colorectal cancer|colon]]
**:*[[Hookworm]]s
**[[Genitourinary tract]] disorders such as:
**:*[[Glomerulonephritis]]
**:*[[Renal calculi]]
**:*[[Renal carcinoma|Renal]] or [[bladder carcinoma]]
** [[Hemoptysis]] (alveolar hemorrhage)
**[[Nosocomial]] [[blood loss]]; [[phlebotomy]] for diagnostic tests in hospitalized patients
**Following [[gastric]] or [[small bowel]] surgery: due to [[Achlorhydria|loss of gastric acidity]], increased transit time for food, and decreased [[absorption]] of [[iron]]
*Conditions leading to impaired [[iron]] absorption
**[[Celiac disease]]
**[[Tropical sprue]]
**[[Gastric]] [[surgery]]
**[[Hypochlorhydria]]
**Taking too many antacids that contain [[calcium]]
**[[Whipple disease]]
**[[Kwashiorkor|Kwashiorkor disease]]
**[[Alcoholism]]


===Inadequate Iron Absorption===
===Less common causes===
* Dietary deficiency
*[[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia]] (recurrent [[hemorrhage]])
* Impaired absorption ([[Celiac disease]], [[Crohn's disease]])
*[[Intravascular]] [[hemolysis]] ([[paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]])
** Intestinal malabsorption
*[[Iatrogenic]] causes such as frequent blood draws, particularly in hospitalized patients
** [[Gastric surgery]]
*Inadequate diet in children (excessive consumption of whole cow's milk)
** [[Hypochorhydria]]
*Taking too many antacids that contain [[calcium]]


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 18:07, 24 November 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Akshun Kalia M.B.B.S.[2]

Overview

The cause of Plummer-Vinson syndrome is unknown; however, iron deficiency anemia, genetic factors and nutritional deficiencies may play a role. Iron deficiency anemia is the most widely regarded cause of Plummer-Vinson syndrome and can be due to increased iron demand, decreased intake and malabsorption syndromes.

Causes

The cause of Plummer-Vinson syndrome is unknown; however, iron deficiency anemia, genetic factors and nutritional deficiencies may play a role. Iron deficiency anemia is the most widely regarded cause of Plummer-Vinson syndrome and can be due to:

Common causes

Common causes of iron deficiency anemia associated with Plummer-Vinson syndrome include conditions which lead to iron demand, decreased intake and malabsorption syndromes. These conditions are described below:[1][2][3][4][5]

Less common causes

References

  1. ↑ Novacek G (2006). "Plummer-Vinson syndrome". Orphanet J Rare Dis. 1: 36. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-1-36. PMID 16978405.
  2. ↑ Changela K, Haeri NS, Krishnaiah M, Reddy M (2016). "Plummer-Vinson Syndrome with Proximal Esophageal Web". J. Gastrointest. Surg. 20 (5): 1074–5. doi:10.1007/s11605-015-3051-5. PMID 26658794.
  3. ↑ Sugiura Y, Nakagawa M, Hashizume T, Nemoto E, Kaseda S (2015). "Iron Supplementation Improved Dysphagia Related to Plummer-Vinson Syndrome". Keio J Med. 64 (3): 48–50. doi:10.2302/kjm.2014-0011-CR. PMID 26411779.
  4. ↑ Masri O, Sharara AI (2013). "Plummer-Vinson syndrome". Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 11 (12): e85. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2013.05.012. PMID 23707464.
  5. ↑ Zimmer V, Buecker A, Lammert F (2009). "Sideropenic dysphagia". Gastroenterology. 137 (6): e1–2. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.03.051. PMID 19879220.
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