Non-Polio enterovirus infections risk factors: Difference between revisions

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{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}
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==Overview==  
 
[[EV]] [[infections]] vary greatly in severity. Understanding the [[risk]] factors for severe [[infection]] may help [[clinicians]] identify [[infants]] at risk for adverse outcomes.
==Overview==
Although everyone is at risk of infection, factors such as age and season can increase the chance of an individual getting infected by non-polio enteroviruses.


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==


===Age===
===Age<ref name="pmid14551490">{{cite journal| author=Lin TY, Kao HT, Hsieh SH, Huang YC, Chiu CH, Chou YH | display-authors=etal| title=Neonatal enterovirus infections: emphasis on risk factors of severe and fatal infections. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 2003 | volume= 22 | issue= 10 | pages= 889-94 | pmid=14551490 | doi=10.1097/01.inf.0000091294.63706.f3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14551490  }} </ref>===
Infants, children, and adolescents are more likely to be susceptible to infection and illness from these viruses, because they are less likely to have [[antibodies]] and be immune from previous exposures to them, but adults can also become infected and ill if they do not have immunity to a specific [[enterovirus]].
*[[Prematurity]]
 
*Early age on onset of [[illness]] (<7 days of age)
===Season===
===[[Clinical]] status<ref name="pmid14551490">{{cite journal| author=Lin TY, Kao HT, Hsieh SH, Huang YC, Chiu CH, Chou YH | display-authors=etal| title=Neonatal enterovirus infections: emphasis on risk factors of severe and fatal infections. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 2003 | volume= 22 | issue= 10 | pages= 889-94 | pmid=14551490 | doi=10.1097/01.inf.0000091294.63706.f3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14551490  }} </ref>===
In the United States, infections caused by the non-polio enteroviruses are most likely to occur during the summer and fall.
*Higher [[WBC]] count: A higher degree of [[inflammation]] and consequent [[hepatic]]/[[myocardial]] damage
 
*Low [[hemoglobin]]: May signal a [[bleeding]] [[diathesis]]
===Babies Born to Infected Mothers===
===Babies Born to Infected Mothers<ref name="pmid3541126">{{cite journal| author=Modlin JF| title=Perinatal echovirus infection: insights from a literature review of 61 cases of serious infection and 16 outbreaks in nurseries. | journal=Rev Infect Dis | year= 1986 | volume= 8 | issue= 6 | pages= 918-26 | pmid=3541126 | doi=10.1093/clinids/8.6.918 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3541126  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11734737">{{cite journal| author=Abzug MJ| title=Prognosis for neonates with enterovirus hepatitis and coagulopathy. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 2001 | volume= 20 | issue= 8 | pages= 758-63 | pmid=11734737 | doi=10.1097/00006454-200108000-00008 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11734737  }} </ref>===
Mothers infected shortly before delivery may pass the virus to the newborn. Babies born to mothers who have symptoms of enteroviral illness around the time of delivery are more likely to be infected. Newborns infected with an enterovirus usually have mild illness, but rarely they may develop an overwhelming infection of many organs, including liver and heart, and die from the infection. The risk of this severe illness is higher for the newborns infected during the first two weeks of life.
Mothers infected shortly before delivery may pass the virus to the newborn. Babies born to mothers who have [[symptoms]] of [[enteroviral]] [[illness]] around the time of delivery are more likely to be infected.
===Other factors<ref name="pmid16274512">{{cite journal| author=Kuramitsu M, Kuroiwa C, Yoshida H, Miyoshi M, Okumura J, Shimizu H | display-authors=etal| title=Non-polio enterovirus isolation among families in Ulaanbaatar and Tov province, Mongolia: prevalence, intrafamilial spread, and risk factors for infection. | journal=Epidemiol Infect | year= 2005 | volume= 133 | issue= 6 | pages= 1131-42 | pmid=16274512 | doi=10.1017/S0950268805004139 | pmc=2870349 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16274512  }} </ref>===
*Low accessibility to water and high density and intimacy among family members due to small housing space [4.3m^2(1.10 m^2 per person)]: Apparent major reasons for high [[infectivity]], although not statistically evident
*Sharing a kitchen and/or bathroom
*Inside toilet: Higher risk of intrafamilial spread
*Lack of cleaning of kitchen, bathroom, toilets and waste disposal areas
* Improper hand [[hygiene]]


== References ==
== References ==

Latest revision as of 13:32, 26 February 2023

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sujaya Chattopadhyay, M.D.[2]

Overview

EV infections vary greatly in severity. Understanding the risk factors for severe infection may help clinicians identify infants at risk for adverse outcomes.

Risk Factors

Age[1]

Clinical status[1]

Babies Born to Infected Mothers[2][3]

Mothers infected shortly before delivery may pass the virus to the newborn. Babies born to mothers who have symptoms of enteroviral illness around the time of delivery are more likely to be infected.

Other factors[4]

  • Low accessibility to water and high density and intimacy among family members due to small housing space [4.3m^2(1.10 m^2 per person)]: Apparent major reasons for high infectivity, although not statistically evident
  • Sharing a kitchen and/or bathroom
  • Inside toilet: Higher risk of intrafamilial spread
  • Lack of cleaning of kitchen, bathroom, toilets and waste disposal areas
  • Improper hand hygiene

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Lin TY, Kao HT, Hsieh SH, Huang YC, Chiu CH, Chou YH; et al. (2003). "Neonatal enterovirus infections: emphasis on risk factors of severe and fatal infections". Pediatr Infect Dis J. 22 (10): 889–94. doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000091294.63706.f3. PMID 14551490.
  2. Modlin JF (1986). "Perinatal echovirus infection: insights from a literature review of 61 cases of serious infection and 16 outbreaks in nurseries". Rev Infect Dis. 8 (6): 918–26. doi:10.1093/clinids/8.6.918. PMID 3541126.
  3. Abzug MJ (2001). "Prognosis for neonates with enterovirus hepatitis and coagulopathy". Pediatr Infect Dis J. 20 (8): 758–63. doi:10.1097/00006454-200108000-00008. PMID 11734737.
  4. Kuramitsu M, Kuroiwa C, Yoshida H, Miyoshi M, Okumura J, Shimizu H; et al. (2005). "Non-polio enterovirus isolation among families in Ulaanbaatar and Tov province, Mongolia: prevalence, intrafamilial spread, and risk factors for infection". Epidemiol Infect. 133 (6): 1131–42. doi:10.1017/S0950268805004139. PMC 2870349. PMID 16274512.


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