African trypanosomiasis historical perspective: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
m (Bot: Removing from Primary care)
 
(13 intermediate revisions by 8 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{African trypanosomiasis}}
{{African trypanosomiasis}}
{{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} Pilar Almonacid{{ADG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} Pilar Almonacid, {{ADG}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
African trypanosomiasis has been present in Africa for thousands of years. The causative agent and vector were identified in 1903 by David Bruce, and the differentiation between the subspecies of the protozoa made in 1910.
African trypanosomiasis has been present in Africa for thousands of years. In 1903, David Bruce identified the [[vector]] of causative agent. In 1910, the differentiation between the [[subspecies]] of the [[protozoa]] was established.


==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
*In 1841, Valentin, professor of physiology discovered a trypanosome-like flagellate for the first time in the blood of a trout.<ref name="pmid15145378">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cox FE |title=History of sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis) |journal=Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=231–45 |year=2004 |pmid=15145378 |doi=10.1016/j.idc.2004.01.004 |url=}}</ref>
*In 1841, Valentin, a professor of [[physiology]], discovered a trypanosome-like [[flagellate]] for the first time in the [[blood]] of a trout.<ref name="pmid15145378">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cox FE |title=History of sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis) |journal=Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=231–45 |year=2004 |pmid=15145378 |doi=10.1016/j.idc.2004.01.004 |url=}}</ref>
*In 1843, Gruby gave a detailed description of trypanosomes based on the work done independently by Gluge, Mayer in the blood of frogs.
*In 1843, Gruby gave a detailed description of [[trypanosomes]] based on the work done independently by Gluge and Mayer in the [[blood]] of frogs.
*In 1891, Nepveu identified trypanosomes for the first time in human blood.
*In 1891, Nepveu identified [[trypanosomes]] for the first time in human [[blood]].
*In 1898, Brault suggested that trypanosomes as the cause of sleeping sickness.
*In 1898, Brault suggested [[trypanosomes]] as the cause of [[sleeping sickness]].
*In 1901, Forde and Dutton described T. b. gambiense in human blood for the first time.
*In 1901, Forde and Dutton described [[Trypanosoma brucei gambiense|''Trypanosoma brucei gambiense'']] in human [[blood]] for the first time.
*In 1902: First and second Sleeping Sickness Commission led by Low and Bruce was conducted in Uganda.
*In 1902, the First and Second [[Sleeping Sickness]] Commissions led by Low and Bruce were conducted in Uganda.
*In 1902, Castellani identified trypanosomes in cerebrospinal fluid of sleeping sickness patients for the first time.
*In 1902, Castellani identified [[trypanosomes]] in the [[cerebrospinal fluid]] of patients suffering from [[sleeping sickness]] for the first time.
*In 1902, Laveran and Mesnil discovered that sodium arsenite can be used to kill trypanosomes.
*In 1903, David Bruce recognized the [[tsetse fly]] as the [[arthropod]] [[Vector (biology)|vector]].
*In 1903, David Bruce recognized the tsetse fly as the arthropod vector.
*In 1905, Bruce suggested that [[Tsetse fly|tsetse flies]] transmit trypanosomes mechanically.
*In 1905, Bruce suggested that tsetse flies transmit trypanosomes mechanically.
*In 1909, Kleine demonstrated the cyclical transmission of trypanosomes in [[Tsetse fly|tsetse flies.]]
*In 1909, Kleine demonstrated the cyclical transmission of trypanosomes in tsetse flies.
*In 1910, Stevens and Fantham identified [[Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense|''Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiens''e]] as the cause of acute [[sleeping sickness]].
*In 1910, Stevens and Fantham identified T. b. rhodesiense as the cause of acute sleeping sickness.
*In 1914, Ritz described the [[antigenic variation]] of [[trypanosomes]].
*In 1914, Ritz described the antigenic variation of trypanosomes.
*In 1969, Vickerman described the coat of [[trypanosomes]] as the source of [[antigenic variation]].
*In 1945, DDT was used for the first time in controlling tsetse flies.
 
*In 1949, melarsoprol was used for the first time as an anti-trypanosome drug.
== Landmark Events in Treatment Strategies ==
*In 1969, Vickerman described the coat of trypanosomes as the source of antigenic variation.
* In 1902, Laveran and Mesnil discovered that sodium arsenite can be used to kill [[trypanosomes]].
*In 1992, Eflornithine was used for the treatment of human sleeping sickness.
* In 1945, [[DDT]] was used for the first time in controlling [[Tsetse fly|tsetse flies]].
* In 1949, [[melarsoprol]] was used for the first time as an anti-trypanosome drug.
* In 1992, [[eflornithine]] was used for the treatment of human [[Sleeping sickness (patient information)|sleeping sickness]].


==References==
==References==
Line 28: Line 30:


[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Dermatology]]
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Parasitic diseases]]
[[Category:Euglenozoa]]
[[Category:Sleep disorders]]
[[Category:Neglected diseases]]
[[Category:Insect-borne diseases]]

Latest revision as of 20:19, 29 July 2020

African trypanosomiasis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating African trypanosomiasis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

X Ray

CT Scan

MRI

Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

African trypanosomiasis historical perspective On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of African trypanosomiasis historical perspective

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on African trypanosomiasis historical perspective

CDC on African trypanosomiasis historical perspective

African trypanosomiasis historical perspective in the news

Blogs on African trypanosomiasis historical perspective

Directions to Hospitals Treating African trypanosomiasis

Risk calculators and risk factors for African trypanosomiasis historical perspective

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Pilar Almonacid, Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [2]

Overview

African trypanosomiasis has been present in Africa for thousands of years. In 1903, David Bruce identified the vector of causative agent. In 1910, the differentiation between the subspecies of the protozoa was established.

Historical Perspective

Landmark Events in Treatment Strategies

References

  1. Cox FE (2004). "History of sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis)". Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 18 (2): 231–45. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2004.01.004. PMID 15145378.