Roseola overview: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
m (Bot: Removing from Primary care) |
||
(14 intermediate revisions by 6 users not shown) | |||
Line 5: | Line 5: | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
[[Roseola]] is a disease of infants. It is characterized by an abrupt rise in body temperature to as high as 40°C (104°F) followed by a rapid drop to normal within the next 2–4 days which coincides with the appearance of an [[erythematous]] [[maculopapular]] skin rash that persists for 1–3 days. It is typically a | [[Roseola]] is a disease of infants. It is characterized by an abrupt rise in body temperature to as high as 40°C (104°F) followed by a rapid drop to normal within the next 2–4 days which coincides with the appearance of an [[erythematous]] [[maculopapular]] skin rash that persists for 1–3 days. It is typically a benign disease which resolves without [[sequalae|sequelae]]. Roseola disease is caused by [[Human herpes virus 6]] (HHV6). HHV-6A and HHV-6B are two distinct species of HHV-6. | ||
== Historical perspective == | == Historical perspective == | ||
Human herpes virus 6 was first identified in 1986 | For the first time, Zahorsky of St. Louis in 1910 described a febrile [[exanthem]] occurring in infants which he termed roseola. Human herpes virus 6 was first identified in 1986. | ||
== Classification == | == Classification == | ||
Line 14: | Line 14: | ||
== Pathophysiology == | == Pathophysiology == | ||
Roseola has two phases, the [[febrile]] and the [[Rash maculopapular|rash]]<nowiki/> ([[maculopapular]]) phase. During the first phase, HHV6 replicates in [[Salivary gland|salivary glands]] and is secreted as primary source of infection. After complete resolution of the febrile phase, due to the latency of the [[virus]] in the [[Lymphocyte|lymphocytes]] and [[Monocyte|monocytes]], the [[rash]] phase begins. A more serious form of HHV 6 is seen in older children, [[immunocompromised]] adults and [[organ transplant]] patients. | |||
== Causes == | == Causes == | ||
Roseola is caused by Human herpes virus 6, a member of the Herpesvirales order, Herpesviridae family, Betaherpesvirinae subfamily, and Roseolovirus genus. Herpesviruses have a unique four-layered structure: a core containing the large, double-stranded DNA genome is enclosed by an icosapentahedral capsid which is composed of capsomers. The capsid is surrounded by an amorphous protein coat called the tegument. It is encased in a glycoprotein-bearing lipid bilayer envelope. | Roseola is caused by Human herpes virus 6, a member of the Herpesvirales order, Herpesviridae family, Betaherpesvirinae subfamily, and Roseolovirus genus. Herpesviruses have a unique four-layered structure: a core containing the large, [[Double-stranded DNA helix|double-stranded DNA]] [[genome]] is enclosed by an icosapentahedral capsid which is composed of capsomers. The capsid is surrounded by an amorphous protein coat called the tegument. It is encased in a [[glycoprotein]]-bearing lipid bilayer envelope. | ||
== Differential diagnosis == | == Differential diagnosis == | ||
Roseola must be differentiated from other diseases that cause fever and rash, such as Rubella (german measles), Rubeola (measles), hand foot and mouth disease caused by | Roseola must be differentiated from other diseases that cause fever and rash, such as [[Rubella]] (german measles), [[Rubeola]] ([[measles]]), [[hand foot and mouth disease]] caused by [[coxsackie virus]], [[erythema infectiosum]] caused by [[parvovirus B19]], [[scarlet fever]] and even [[drug allergy]]. | ||
== Epidemiology and demographics == | == Epidemiology and demographics == | ||
Roseola is an illness of young children, with a peak prevalence between 7 and 13 months. Ninety percent of cases occur in children younger than two years. Roseola occurs equally in boys and girls. It occurs throughout the year, although outbreaks may occur in groups according to | There is no accurate data for the [[prevalence]] or [[incidence]] of roseola. This is because the disease is a self limiting disease and it is under reported in most cases. Roseola is an illness of young children, with a peak [[prevalence]] between 7 and 13 months. Ninety percent of cases occur in children younger than two years. Roseola occurs equally in boys and girls. It occurs throughout the year, although outbreaks may occur in groups according to season | ||
== Risk factors == | == Risk factors == | ||
The common risk | The common risk factors in the development of roseola includes infancy (younger 2 years), [[immunosuppression]], and [[organ transplantation]]. | ||
== Screening == | == Screening == | ||
According to the USPSTF, there is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for roseola. | According to the [[United states preventive services task force recommendations scheme|USPSTF]], there is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for roseola. | ||
== Natural history complications and prognosis == | == Natural history complications and prognosis == | ||
The symptoms of roseola usually starts in the first 2 years of life of an infant. | The symptoms of roseola usually starts in the first 2 years of life of an infant. If roseola, left untreated, it will resolve by itself. In rare cases, febrile seizures, [[encephalitis]], [[Aseptic meningitis|aseptic]] [[meningitis]], [[thrombocytopenic purpura]], bone marrow failure and [[pneumonitis]]. The overall prognosis of roseola is very good. | ||
== Diagnosis == | == Diagnosis == | ||
=== History and Symptoms === | === History and Symptoms === | ||
The hallmark of roseola is a non pruritic macular or maculopapular | The hallmark of roseola is a non [[Pruritic disorders|pruritic]] [[macular]] or [[maculopapular]] rash. A positive history of a high [[fever]] of 40ºC (104ºF) that lasts for 3 to 5 days. | ||
=== Physical Examination === | === Physical Examination === | ||
Physical examination findings in a patient with roseola will depend on the presenting phase (febrile or rash). Vital signs are affected in the febrile phase and stabilize in the rash phase. Conversely, in the rash phase, vital signs become normal while skin appearance is affected. | |||
=== Laboratory Findings === | === Laboratory Findings === | ||
The diagnosis of roseola is made clinically. However, in atypical cases, the diagnosis can be made by both serologic and direct detection of HHV6 virus in the saliva of the patient. Expected results of diagnostic studies include antigen detection, PCR, and immunofluorescence. | The diagnosis of roseola is made clinically. However, in atypical cases, the diagnosis can be made by both [[serologic]] and direct detection of HHV6 virus in the saliva of the patient. Expected results of diagnostic studies include [[Antigen detection test|antigen detection]], [[PCR]], and [[immunofluorescence]]. | ||
=== Electrocardiogram === | === Electrocardiogram === | ||
Line 66: | Line 66: | ||
=== Medical therapy === | === Medical therapy === | ||
There is no treatment for roseola | There is no treatment for roseola; it is a self limiting disease that resolves on its own without any medical intervention but [[antipyretics]] can be used as a supportive therapy in cases of high fever.[1] | ||
=== Surgery === | === Surgery === | ||
Line 76: | Line 76: | ||
=== Secondary prevention === | === Secondary prevention === | ||
There are no secondary preventive measures available for roseola. | There are no secondary preventive measures available for roseola. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]] | |||
[[Category:Disease]] | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Infectious disease]] | |||
[[Category:Neurology]] | |||
[[Category:Pediatrics]] | |||
[[Category:Dermatology]] |
Latest revision as of 00:03, 30 July 2020
Roseola Microchapters |
Diagnosis |
---|
Treatment |
Case Studies |
Roseola overview On the Web |
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Roseola overview |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Omodamola Aje B.Sc, M.D. [2]
Overview
Roseola is a disease of infants. It is characterized by an abrupt rise in body temperature to as high as 40°C (104°F) followed by a rapid drop to normal within the next 2–4 days which coincides with the appearance of an erythematous maculopapular skin rash that persists for 1–3 days. It is typically a benign disease which resolves without sequelae. Roseola disease is caused by Human herpes virus 6 (HHV6). HHV-6A and HHV-6B are two distinct species of HHV-6.
Historical perspective
For the first time, Zahorsky of St. Louis in 1910 described a febrile exanthem occurring in infants which he termed roseola. Human herpes virus 6 was first identified in 1986.
Classification
There is no established classification system for roseola.
Pathophysiology
Roseola has two phases, the febrile and the rash (maculopapular) phase. During the first phase, HHV6 replicates in salivary glands and is secreted as primary source of infection. After complete resolution of the febrile phase, due to the latency of the virus in the lymphocytes and monocytes, the rash phase begins. A more serious form of HHV 6 is seen in older children, immunocompromised adults and organ transplant patients.
Causes
Roseola is caused by Human herpes virus 6, a member of the Herpesvirales order, Herpesviridae family, Betaherpesvirinae subfamily, and Roseolovirus genus. Herpesviruses have a unique four-layered structure: a core containing the large, double-stranded DNA genome is enclosed by an icosapentahedral capsid which is composed of capsomers. The capsid is surrounded by an amorphous protein coat called the tegument. It is encased in a glycoprotein-bearing lipid bilayer envelope.
Differential diagnosis
Roseola must be differentiated from other diseases that cause fever and rash, such as Rubella (german measles), Rubeola (measles), hand foot and mouth disease caused by coxsackie virus, erythema infectiosum caused by parvovirus B19, scarlet fever and even drug allergy.
Epidemiology and demographics
There is no accurate data for the prevalence or incidence of roseola. This is because the disease is a self limiting disease and it is under reported in most cases. Roseola is an illness of young children, with a peak prevalence between 7 and 13 months. Ninety percent of cases occur in children younger than two years. Roseola occurs equally in boys and girls. It occurs throughout the year, although outbreaks may occur in groups according to season
Risk factors
The common risk factors in the development of roseola includes infancy (younger 2 years), immunosuppression, and organ transplantation.
Screening
According to the USPSTF, there is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for roseola.
Natural history complications and prognosis
The symptoms of roseola usually starts in the first 2 years of life of an infant. If roseola, left untreated, it will resolve by itself. In rare cases, febrile seizures, encephalitis, aseptic meningitis, thrombocytopenic purpura, bone marrow failure and pneumonitis. The overall prognosis of roseola is very good.
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
The hallmark of roseola is a non pruritic macular or maculopapular rash. A positive history of a high fever of 40ºC (104ºF) that lasts for 3 to 5 days.
Physical Examination
Physical examination findings in a patient with roseola will depend on the presenting phase (febrile or rash). Vital signs are affected in the febrile phase and stabilize in the rash phase. Conversely, in the rash phase, vital signs become normal while skin appearance is affected.
Laboratory Findings
The diagnosis of roseola is made clinically. However, in atypical cases, the diagnosis can be made by both serologic and direct detection of HHV6 virus in the saliva of the patient. Expected results of diagnostic studies include antigen detection, PCR, and immunofluorescence.
Electrocardiogram
There are no electrocardiogram findings associated with roseola.
Chest X Ray
There are no chest x ray findings associated with roseola.
MRI
There are no MRI findings associated with roseola.
Echocardiography or ultrasound
There are no echocardiography or ultrasound findings associated with roseola.
Other imaging findings
There are no other imaging findings associated with roseola.
Other diagnostic studies
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with roseola.
Treatment
Medical therapy
There is no treatment for roseola; it is a self limiting disease that resolves on its own without any medical intervention but antipyretics can be used as a supportive therapy in cases of high fever.[1]
Surgery
Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of roseola.
Primary prevention
There is no established method of prevention of roseola. However, standard sanitary procedures such as hand washing can help prevent the spread of the HHV 6 virus.
Secondary prevention
There are no secondary preventive measures available for roseola.