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{{Autoimmune hemolytic anemia}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
Physical exam findings in patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia vary depending on the severity of the disease. Examination findings include [[pallor]], [[clubbing]], [[jaundice]], scleral icterus, [[splenomegaly]], and [[abdominal tenderness]].


==Physical Examination==
==Physical Examination==
Physical exam findings relate to the effects of decreased [[hemoglobin]], the release of [[bilirubin]] into the bloodstream, and the presence of either intravascular or extravascular [[hemolysis]].<ref name="pmid26696800">{{cite journal| author=Packman CH| title=The Clinical Pictures of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia. | journal=Transfus Med Hemother | year= 2015 | volume= 42 | issue= 5 | pages= 317-24 | pmid=26696800 | doi=10.1159/000440656 | pmc=4678314 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26696800  }} </ref>
*'''[[Pallor]]''':
**Pallor is the absence of normal coloration of body tissues. Patients can have pale skin or [[conjunctiva]].
*'''[[Clubbing]]''':
**[[Clubbing]] refers to an irregular shape of fingernails that reflects an underlying oxygen deficit.
*'''[[Jaundice]]''':
**Jaundice refers to the presence of yellowish discoloration of the skin.
**Jaundice is due to indirect (unconjugated) [[hyperbilirubinemia]], which is a result of the breakdown of heme to [[biliverdin]] then to [[bilirubin]]. This results in bilirubin deposition in tissue.
*'''[[Scleral icterus]]''':
**This refers to yellowish discoloration of the [[conjunctiva]]. This is due to [[bilirubin]] deposition, similar to the physiology of jaundice.
*'''[[Splenomegaly]]''': [[Splenomegaly]] is enlargement of the spleen, which occurs in the presence of extravascular hemolysis. Extravascular hemolysis is mediated by IgG [[autoantibodies]] which binds to [[red blood cells]], and these antibody-coated [[red blood cells]] and engulfed by splenic [[macrophages]]. Patients can have tender [[splenomegaly]]. [[Ultrasound]] or [[CT]] of the abdomen can be used as an adjunct to the physical exam to accurately assess spleen size.
*'''Abdominal tenderness''': [[Mesenteric]] [[thrombosis]] (such as clots in the [[portal]] or splenic veins) can result in abdominal tenderness. [[Thrombosis]] can occur in patients with active hemolysis.


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Hematology}}
[[Category:Hematology]]
[[Category:Hematology]]
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Latest revision as of 17:30, 23 May 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: ; Shyam Patel [2] Irfan Dotani

Overview

Physical exam findings in patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia vary depending on the severity of the disease. Examination findings include pallor, clubbing, jaundice, scleral icterus, splenomegaly, and abdominal tenderness.

Physical Examination

Physical exam findings relate to the effects of decreased hemoglobin, the release of bilirubin into the bloodstream, and the presence of either intravascular or extravascular hemolysis.[1]

References

  1. Packman CH (2015). "The Clinical Pictures of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia". Transfus Med Hemother. 42 (5): 317–24. doi:10.1159/000440656. PMC 4678314. PMID 26696800.

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