Epithelioid sarcoma differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
[[Image:Home_logo1.png|right|250px|link=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Epithelioid_sarcoma]] | |||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Ammu}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Ammu}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Line 6: | Line 6: | ||
==Differentiating Epithelioid sarcoma from other Diseases== | ==Differentiating Epithelioid sarcoma from other Diseases== | ||
* Synovial sarcoma | * Synovial sarcoma | ||
* Ulcerating squamous cell carcinoma<ref> Epithelioid sarcoma. Sarcomahelp (2016). http://sarcomahelp.org/epithelioid-sarcoma.html Accessed on February 8, 2016</ref> | * Ulcerating [[squamous cell carcinoma]]<ref> Epithelioid sarcoma. Sarcomahelp (2016). http://sarcomahelp.org/epithelioid-sarcoma.html Accessed on February 8, 2016</ref> | ||
* Granulomatous diseases | * Granulomatous diseases | ||
* Traumatic wound | * Traumatic [[wound]] | ||
* Wart | * [[Wart]] | ||
* Ganglion | * [[Ganglion cyst]]s | ||
* Giant cell tumors | * Giant cell tumors | ||
* Rhabdomyosarcoma | * [[Rhabdomyosarcoma]] | ||
* Clear cell sarcoma | * Clear cell sarcoma | ||
* Vascular sarcoma | * Vascular sarcoma | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ | |||
! | |||
!Keratin | |||
!CD34 | |||
!Cytoplasm | |||
!In-sutu Kerataniztion | |||
!Location | |||
!Age group | |||
!H/O of epithelial injury | |||
!CA125 | |||
!CK5/6 | |||
!GCDFP15, S100, actin | |||
!Necrosis | |||
!Calcification | |||
!Hemangiopericytomatous vessels | |||
|- | |||
|Epitheloid Sarcoma | |||
| Positive | |||
| Positive | |||
|Sharply defined | |||
|Negative | |||
|Hand and wrist | |||
|Under 40 years | |||
|No | |||
|Positive | |||
|Rare, Local | |||
|Negative | |||
|Extensive | |||
|Infrequent | |||
|Negative | |||
|- | |||
|Palisaded Necrotic Granuloma | |||
|Neagtive | |||
|Negative | |||
|Indistinct | |||
| | |||
|Uncommon | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|Squamous Carcinoma | |||
| | |||
|Negative | |||
| | |||
|Positive | |||
| | |||
|>40 | |||
|Positive | |||
|Negative in cutaneous SCC | |||
Positive everywhere | |||
|Extensive | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|Sweat Gland Carcinoma | |||
| | |||
|Negative | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|Positive | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|Monophasic Synovial Sarcoma | |||
| | |||
|Negative | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|Negative | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|Focal | |||
|Frequent | |||
|Positive | |||
|- | |||
|Melanoma | |||
|Negative | |||
|Negative | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|Negative | |||
| | |||
|Positive | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma | |||
|Negative | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|Uncommon on extremities | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|Sclerosing Epithelioid Fibrosarcoma | |||
|Negative | |||
| | |||
|Cords of cells in hylainzed stroma | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|Ischemic Fasciitis | |||
|Negative | |||
| | |||
|Basophilic or amphophilic | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease | |||
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |History/demography | |||
! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms | |||
! colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Physical examination | |||
! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diagnosis | |||
|- | |||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Palpable mass | |||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pain | |||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Others | |||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Mass tenderness | |||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Others | |||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genetics | |||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Imaging | |||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Histology | |||
|- | |||
!Epitheloid Sarcoma | |||
! | |||
* Epithelioid sarcoma is a very rare disease. | |||
* The incidence of epithelioid sarcoma increases between ages of 10 and 39 and the average age at presentation is 27 years. | |||
* Males are more commonly affected with epithelioid sarcoma than females. Epithelioid sarcoma of the upper extremity usually affects individuals of the Caucasian race. | |||
!+ | |||
!- | |||
!Mainly cutaneous manifestations | |||
!- | |||
! | |||
* Irregular (or nodular) lesions below the skin surface | |||
* Lesion with the appearance of a badly-healed wound | |||
! | |||
* Loss of INI1 ocated on the long arm of chromosome 22 (22q11.2). | |||
! | |||
* On T2/fluid sequences, the mass is typically hyperintense with areas of central necrosis and surrounding edema. | |||
* There is usually heterogeneous enhancement, often with areas of necrosis. | |||
* A characteristic finding, is propagation along fascial planes, tendon sheaths and nerves. | |||
* Radiography and CT may reveal a soft-tissue mass with speckled calcifications. | |||
* There may be adjacent osseous remodeling; however, cortical destruction and invasion are rare. | |||
! | |||
* Tissue biopsy is the diagnostic modality of choice for epithelioid sarcoma. | |||
:* White nodules with infiltrating margins | |||
:* Epithelial cells well blended with fusiform cells with intracytoplasmic vacuoles | |||
:* "Pseudogranulomatous" proliferation of cells around acellular necrotic debris | |||
:* Hyalinized collagen and necrotic debris in the central zone | |||
:* Calcification in the necrotic zones | |||
:* Multinuclear giant cells in the tumors | |||
|- | |||
! style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Rhabdomyosarcoma]]<ref name="pmid24966711">{{cite journal| author=Egas-Bejar D, Huh WW| title=Rhabdomyosarcoma in adolescent and young adult patients: current perspectives. | journal=Adolesc Health Med Ther | year= 2014 | volume= 5 | issue= | pages= 115-25 | pmid=24966711 | doi=10.2147/AHMT.S44582 | pmc=4069040 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24966711 }}</ref><ref name="pmid27955730">{{cite journal| author=Dasgupta R, Fuchs J, Rodeberg D| title=Rhabdomyosarcoma. | journal=Semin Pediatr Surg | year= 2016 | volume= 25 | issue= 5 | pages= 276-283 | pmid=27955730 | doi=10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2016.09.011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27955730 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18442956">{{cite journal| author=Park K, van Rijn R, McHugh K| title=The role of radiology in paediatric soft tissue sarcomas. | journal=Cancer Imaging | year= 2008 | volume= 8 | issue= | pages= 102-15 | pmid=18442956 | doi=10.1102/1470-7330.2008.0014 | pmc=2365455 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18442956 }}</ref><ref name="pmid26349418">{{cite journal| author=Shern JF, Yohe ME, Khan J| title=Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma. | journal=Crit Rev Oncog | year= 2015 | volume= 20 | issue= 3-4 | pages= 227-43 | pmid=26349418 | doi= | pmc=5486973 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26349418 }}</ref> | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* Most common [[soft tissue]] [[cancer]] among children and adolescents | |||
* The third most common extracranial [[solid]] tumors | |||
* Two-third of all cases happen under 6 years old | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | + | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | + | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* [[Skin]] changes | |||
* [[Respiratory]] difficulties | |||
* Vomitting | |||
*[[Hematuria]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | +/- | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* [[Fever]] | |||
* Erythmatous [[skin]] | |||
*[[Proptosis]] | |||
* Ophtalmoplasia | |||
* Dysconjugate gaze | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* [[Loss of heterozygosity]] of 11p15. | |||
[[Mutations]] in: | |||
*[[TP53]] | |||
*[[NRAS]] | |||
*[[KRAS]] | |||
*[[HRAS]] | |||
* PIK3CA | |||
* CTNNB1 | |||
* FGFR4 | |||
*[[Translocations]] in [[PAX3]] or [[PAX7]] [[genes]] with [[FOXO1]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[CT scan]]: | |||
*[[Soft tissue]] [[density]] | |||
* Enhancement with [[contrast]] | |||
* [[Bone]] destruction | |||
[[Ultrasound]]: | |||
* Well-defined and irregular mass | |||
* Low to medium [[echogenicity]] | |||
[[MRI]]: | |||
*[[T1]]: | |||
** Low to intermediate intensity | |||
**[[Hemorrhage]] areas are present in [[alveolar]] [[rhabdomyosarcoma]] | |||
*[[MRI|T2]]: | |||
** Hyperintense | |||
** Prominent flow voids are present in extremity [[lesions]] of [[rhabdomyosarcoma]] | |||
* T1 C+(Gd): | |||
** Enhancement | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* An [[appearance]] of round [[blue]] [[cell]] [[tumors]] | |||
*[[Myogenesis]] pathway has various types of [[differentiation]] | |||
* [[Positive]] [[Immunohistochemistry|immunohistochemical]] results for: | |||
**[[myoglobin]] | |||
**[[actin]] | |||
**[[desmin]] | |||
**[[Myogenin]] | |||
|- | |||
! style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Wilms' tumor|Wilms tumor]]<ref name="pmid61529362">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartman DS, Sanders RC |title=Wilms' tumor versus neuroblastoma: usefulness of ultrasound in differentiation |journal=J Ultrasound Med |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=117–22 |date=April 1982 |pmid=6152936 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30036602">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Campo JF |title=Ultrasound of Wilms' tumor |journal=Pediatr Radiol |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=21–4 |date=1986 |pmid=3003660 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4080660">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cahan LD |title=Failure of encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis procedure in moyamoya disease |journal=Pediatr Neurosci |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=58–62 |date=1985 |pmid=4080660 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10985142">{{cite journal| author=Coppes MJ, Pritchard-Jones K| title=Principles of Wilms' tumor biology. | journal=Urol Clin North Am | year= 2000 | volume= 27 | issue= 3 | pages= 423-33, viii | pmid=10985142 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10985142 }}</ref><ref name="pmid22789581">{{cite journal| author=Davidoff AM| title=Wilms tumor. | journal=Adv Pediatr | year= 2012 | volume= 59 | issue= 1 | pages= 247-67 | pmid=22789581 | doi=10.1016/j.yapd.2012.04.001 | pmc=3589819 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22789581 }}</ref> | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* Also called [[nephroblastoma]] | |||
* The most common childhood [[abdominal]] [[malignancy]] | |||
*[[Average]] [[age]] of 3.5 years old | |||
|<nowiki>+</nowiki> | |||
| + | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* [[Hematuria]] | |||
* [[Respiratory]] [[symptoms]] ( due to [[lung]] [[metastases]]) | |||
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki> | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* [[Fever]] | |||
*[[Hypertension]]/ [[hypotension]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" |Present [[mutations]] of: | |||
*[[WT1]] | |||
*[[P53]] | |||
* FWT1 | |||
* FWT2 11p15.5 [[loci]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Ultrasound]]: | |||
*The best initial [[Diagnostic study of choice|diagnostic study]]. | |||
*Distinguish [[tumor]] [[mass]] from other causes of renal [[swelling]] like [[hydronephrosis]]. | |||
*[[Doppler ultrasonography]] can help to detect [[invasion]] of [[renal vein]] and [[Inferior vena cava|IVC]] by the [[tumor]]. | |||
[[CT scan]]: | |||
*[[Heterogeneous]] [[soft-tissue]] [[density]] [[mass]] | |||
* Areas of [[calcification]] and [[fat]] [[density]] regions | |||
*[[Lymph node]] [[metastasis]] | |||
*Surrounding [[organs]] [[invasion]] | |||
*[[Thrombus]] in [[renal vein]] or [[inferior vena cava]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
*Arises from mesodermal [[precursors]] of the [[renal]] [[parenchyma]] | |||
*Well-circumscribed/ macrolobulated [[lesion]] | |||
*[[Hemorrhage]]/ [[central]] [[necrosis]] may be present | |||
*It is comprised of 3 types of [[Cells (biology)|cells]]: | |||
**[[Stromal]] | |||
**[[Epithelium|Epithelial]] | |||
**[[Blastema|Blastemal]] | |||
*The [[stroma]] may include: | |||
**[[Striated muscle|Striated]] [[muscle]] [[cartilage]] | |||
**[[bone]] | |||
**[[Adipose tissue|Fat tissue]] | |||
**[[Fibrous connective tissue|Fibrous tissue.]] | |||
|- | |||
! style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Ewing sarcoma]]<ref name="pmid12560386">{{cite journal| author=Burchill SA| title=Ewing's sarcoma: diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications of molecular abnormalities. | journal=J Clin Pathol | year= 2003 | volume= 56 | issue= 2 | pages= 96-102 | pmid=12560386 | doi= | pmc=1769883 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12560386 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8443760">{{cite journal| author=Maygarden SJ, Askin FB, Siegal GP, Gilula LA, Schoppe J, Foulkes M et al.| title=Ewing sarcoma of bone in infants and toddlers. A clinicopathologic report from the Intergroup Ewing's Study. | journal=Cancer | year= 1993 | volume= 71 | issue= 6 | pages= 2109-18 | pmid=8443760 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8443760 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8988217">{{cite journal| author=Panicek DM, Gatsonis C, Rosenthal DI, Seeger LL, Huvos AG, Moore SG et al.| title=CT and MR imaging in the local staging of primary malignant musculoskeletal neoplasms: Report of the Radiology Diagnostic Oncology Group. | journal=Radiology | year= 1997 | volume= 202 | issue= 1 | pages= 237-46 | pmid=8988217 | doi=10.1148/radiology.202.1.8988217 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8988217 }}</ref><ref name="pmid29977059">{{cite journal| author=Grünewald TGP, Cidre-Aranaz F, Surdez D, Tomazou EM, de Álava E, Kovar H et al.| title=Ewing sarcoma. | journal=Nat Rev Dis Primers | year= 2018 | volume= 4 | issue= 1 | pages= 5 | pmid=29977059 | doi=10.1038/s41572-018-0003-x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29977059 }}</ref> | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* Include [[ewing sarcoma]], askin [[tumor]], and peripheral [[Neuroectodermal tumor primitive|neuroectodermal tumors primitive]] | |||
* The second most common [[childhood]] [[malignant]] primary [[bone]] [[tumors]] | |||
* Usually arises in the long [[bones]] of the [[extremities]] | |||
* Common [[age]] between 10-20 years old | |||
|<nowiki>+</nowiki> | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | + | |||
| | |||
* [[Weight loss]] | |||
* [[Fatigue]] | |||
|<nowiki>+</nowiki> | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* [[Fever]] | |||
*[[Pathological|Pathologic]] [[fractures]] | |||
* [[Petechiae]]/ [[purpura]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* [[Reciprocal translocation]] between [[chromosomes]] 11 and 22 | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Radiographic]] of region: | |||
* Poorly marginated destructive [[lesion]] | |||
* Permeative or "moth-eaten" [[appearance]] | |||
[[CT scan]]: | |||
*[[Cortical area|Cortical]] destruction | |||
* Demonstrate [[soft tissue]] [[disease]] | |||
[[MRI]]: | |||
* Considered as a preferred [[Diagnostic study of choice|diagnostic study]] | |||
* Better shows [[tumor]] size/ [[intraosseous]]/extraosseous extent | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* Small/ round/ [[blue]] cell [[tumors]] | |||
* May be [[undifferentiated]] or differentiated | |||
* Regular sized [[Primitive (integral)|primitive]] appearing [[Cells (biology)|cells]] | |||
|- | |||
! style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Pediatric]] [[neuroblastoma]] <ref name="pmid12110723">{{cite journal| author=Lonergan GJ, Schwab CM, Suarez ES, Carlson CL| title=Neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2002 | volume= 22 | issue= 4 | pages= 911-34 | pmid=12110723 | doi=10.1148/radiographics.22.4.g02jl15911 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12110723 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12580370">{{cite journal| author=Golden CB, Feusner JH| title=Malignant abdominal masses in children: quick guide to evaluation and diagnosis. | journal=Pediatr Clin North Am | year= 2002 | volume= 49 | issue= 6 | pages= 1369-92, viii | pmid=12580370 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12580370 }}</ref><ref name="pmid2403727">{{cite journal| author=Angstman KB, Miser JS, Franz WB| title=Neuroblastoma. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 1990 | volume= 41 | issue= 1 | pages= 238-44 | pmid=2403727 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2403727 }}</ref><ref name="pmid6493702">{{cite journal| author=Musarella MA, Chan HS, DeBoer G, Gallie BL| title=Ocular involvement in neuroblastoma: prognostic implications. | journal=Ophthalmology | year= 1984 | volume= 91 | issue= 8 | pages= 936-40 | pmid=6493702 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6493702 }}</ref> | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* Most common extracranial [[solid]] [[tumor]] of [[infancy]] | |||
* Arising from [[pluripotent]] [[sympathetic]] [[Cells (biology)|cells]] | |||
[[Age]] distribution: | |||
* < 1 years old ( 40%) | |||
* 1-2 years old (35%) | |||
* > 2 years old (25%) | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
+ ([[Abdominal]]) | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | + | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* [[Constipation]] | |||
* [[Weakness]] | |||
* [[Diarrhea]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
+([[Abdominal]]) | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* [[Proptosis]] | |||
* Periorbital [[ecchymosis]] | |||
* [[Horner syndrome]] | |||
*[[Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* [[Chromosome]] 1p [[Deletion (genetics)|deletion]] | |||
* [[N-myc-interactor|N-myc]] [[amplification]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[CT scan]]: | |||
*[[Heterogeneous]] [[mass]] | |||
*[[Calcification]] | |||
*[[Necrotic]] areas | |||
[[MRI]]: | |||
*[[T1]]: | |||
**[[heterogeneous]] [[mass]] | |||
*[[Magnetic resonance imaging|T2]]: | |||
**[[Heterogeneous]]/ hyperintense | |||
**[[Cystic]]/ [[necrotic]] areas | |||
*C+ (Gd): | |||
**[[Heterogeneous]] [[mass]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* Well defined/ infiltrative [[mass]] | |||
* Homer [[Wright stain|wright]] rosettes | |||
* [[Secretion]] of [[vanillylmandelic acid]] (VMA) and [[homovanillic acid]] (HVA) | |||
|- | |||
! style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Pediatric]] [[pheochromocytoma]]<ref name="pmid23345359">{{cite journal| author=Leung K, Stamm M, Raja A, Low G| title=Pheochromocytoma: the range of appearances on ultrasound, CT, MRI, and functional imaging. | journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol | year= 2013 | volume= 200 | issue= 2 | pages= 370-8 | pmid=23345359 | doi=10.2214/AJR.12.9126 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23345359 }}</ref><ref name="pmid1988766">{{cite journal| author=Stein PP, Black HR| title=A simplified diagnostic approach to pheochromocytoma. A review of the literature and report of one institution's experience. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 1991 | volume= 70 | issue= 1 | pages= 46-66 | pmid=1988766 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1988766 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17876523">{{cite journal| author=Bravo EL| title=Pheochromocytoma: new concepts and future trends. | journal=Kidney Int | year= 1991 | volume= 40 | issue= 3 | pages= 544-56 | pmid=1787652 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1787652 }}</ref><ref name="pmid1787652">{{cite journal| author=Bravo EL| title=Pheochromocytoma: new concepts and future trends. | journal=Kidney Int | year= 1991 | volume= 40 | issue= 3 | pages= 544-56 | pmid=1787652 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1787652 }} </ref> | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
*[[Rare]] [[catecholamine]]-secreting [[tumor]] | |||
* Occur in both children and adults | |||
*[[Average]] [[age]] of 11 years old | |||
* Associated with [[neurofibromatosis]], [[von Hippel-Lindau disease]], [[tuberous sclerosis]], [[Sturge-Weber syndrome|sturge-weber syndrome]], and [[multiple endocrine neoplasia]] ([[Multiple endocrine neoplasia|MEN]]) [[syndromes]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" |<nowiki>-</nowiki> | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki> | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* [[Headache]] | |||
* [[Sweating]] | |||
*[[Weakness]] | |||
*[[Convulsion]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" |<nowiki>-</nowiki> | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* [[Hypertension]] | |||
* [[Tachycardia]] | |||
* [[Pallor]] [[face]] | |||
|[[Genetic]] [[mutation]] in: | |||
*[[NF1]] | |||
*[[RET gene|RET]] | |||
*[[VHL]] | |||
*[[SDHD]] | |||
*[[SDHC]] | |||
*[[EGLN1]] | |||
*[[EGLN2]] | |||
*[[KIF1B]] | |||
*[[SDHAF2]] | |||
*[[TMEM127]] | |||
*[[SDHA]] | |||
*[[IDH1]] | |||
*[[SDHB]] | |||
*[[MAX (gene)|MAX]] | |||
* HIF2A | |||
*[[FH]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Ultrasound]]: | |||
* Different [[appearance]] from [[solid]] to mixed [[cystic]] or [[solid]] to [[cystic]] | |||
[[CT scan]]: | |||
* Large and heterogenous | |||
*[[Calcification]] | |||
*[[Necrosis]] | |||
*[[Cystic]] changes | |||
[[MRI]] (in extra [[adrenal]] [[tumors]]): | |||
*[[T1]]: | |||
** Heterogenous enhancement | |||
** Hypointense | |||
*[[MRI|T2]]: | |||
** Hyperintense | |||
*T1 C+ (Gd): | |||
** Heterogenous enhancement | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* Zellballen pattern on [[microscopy]] | |||
* Well-defined clusters | |||
*[[Eosinophilic]] [[cytoplasm]] | |||
Positive stains for: | |||
*[[Chromogranin]] for zellballlen [[Cells (biology)|cells]] | |||
* Neurospecific [[enolase]] markers for [[neuronal]] [[Cells (biology)|cells]] | |||
*[[S-100 protein|S-100]] [[protein]] for [[Sustentacular cell|sustentacular]] [[Cells (biology)|cells]] | |||
|- | |||
! style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Pediatric]] [[osteosarcoma]]<ref name="pmid8000997">{{cite journal| author=Dorfman HD, Czerniak B| title=Bone cancers. | journal=Cancer | year= 1995 | volume= 75 | issue= 1 Suppl | pages= 203-10 | pmid=8000997 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8000997 }}</ref><ref name="pmid21071381">{{cite journal| author=Yarmish G, Klein MJ, Landa J, Lefkowitz RA, Hwang S| title=Imaging characteristics of primary osteosarcoma: nonconventional subtypes. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2010 | volume= 30 | issue= 6 | pages= 1653-72 | pmid=21071381 | doi=10.1148/rg.306105524 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21071381 }}</ref><ref name="pmid1884549">{{cite journal| author=Araki N, Uchida A, Kimura T, Yoshikawa H, Aoki Y, Ueda T et al.| title=Involvement of the retinoblastoma gene in primary osteosarcomas and other bone and soft-tissue tumors. | journal=Clin Orthop Relat Res | year= 1991 | volume= | issue= 270 | pages= 271-7 | pmid=1884549 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1884549 }}</ref> | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* The second most common primary [[bone]] [[tumor]] | |||
* The third most common [[tumor]] among adolescents | |||
* Can be primary or secondary | |||
* Primary [[osteosarcoma]] occurs in [[age]] of 10-20 years old | |||
* Secondary [[osteosarcoma]] occurs in older [[patients]] and is secondary to [[paget disease]] and [[bone]] infarcts | |||
* Accompanied with positive history of [[trauma]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | + | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | + | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* [[Soft tissue]] [[swelling]] | |||
* [[Fracture]] | |||
*[[Night Sweats|Night]] [[sweating]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | + | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
*[[Mass]] [[swelling]] | |||
*[[Fever]] | |||
*[[Arthritis]] | |||
* Decreased [[joint]] [[range of motion]] | |||
*[[Lymphadenopathy]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* Alteration in [[retinoblastoma]] [[gene]] ([[Rb]]) | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Radiography]]: | |||
*[[Osteolytic metasteses|Osteolytic]]/ [[Osteoblastic osteosarcoma|osteoblastic]] feature | |||
* [[Periosteum]] reaction | |||
*[[Calcification]] or [[ossification]] | |||
[[CT scan]]: | |||
* Primary [[lesion]] and [[chest]] [[CT]] are required | |||
* Demonstrate [[tumor]] location and [[extension]] | |||
[[MRI]]: | |||
* Exact assessment of [[tumor]] [[extension]] | |||
* Involving [[joint]] to [[joint]] findings | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* Contain various [[cellular]] [[pleomorphism]] and [[mitoses]] | |||
* Poorly [[Trabecular bone|trabecular]] [[bone]] formation | |||
*[[Fibrocystic Disease|Fibrocystic]] and chondroblastic features | |||
|- | |||
! style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Pediatric]] [[liposarcoma]]<ref name="pmid6861094">{{cite journal| author=Shmookler BM, Enzinger FM| title=Liposarcoma occurring in children. An analysis of 17 cases and review of the literature. | journal=Cancer | year= 1983 | volume= 52 | issue= 3 | pages= 567-74 | pmid=6861094 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6861094 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9386667">{{cite journal| author=Marcus KC, Grier HE, Shamberger RC, Gebhardt MC, Perez-Atayde A, Silver B et al.| title=Childhood soft tissue sarcoma: a 20-year experience. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 1997 | volume= 131 | issue= 4 | pages= 603-7 | pmid=9386667 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9386667 }}</ref><ref name="pmid16160117">{{cite journal| author=Murphey MD, Arcara LK, Fanburg-Smith J| title=From the archives of the AFIP: imaging of musculoskeletal liposarcoma with radiologic-pathologic correlation. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2005 | volume= 25 | issue= 5 | pages= 1371-95 | pmid=16160117 | doi=10.1148/rg.255055106 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16160117 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17372913">{{cite journal| author=Italiano A, Cardot N, Dupré F, Monticelli I, Keslair F, Piche M et al.| title=Gains and complex rearrangements of the 12q13-15 chromosomal region in ordinary lipomas: the "missing link" between lipomas and liposarcomas? | journal=Int J Cancer | year= 2007 | volume= 121 | issue= 2 | pages= 308-15 | pmid=17372913 | doi=10.1002/ijc.22685 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17372913 }}</ref> | |||
| | |||
* Considered as a nonrhabdomyosarcoma [[soft tissue]] [[sarcomas]] | |||
* One of the least frequent [[tumors]] during [[childhood]] | |||
* Rarely seen in adolescents and [[age]] of < 8 years old | |||
* [[Average]] [[age]] is 50 years among adults | |||
* Occur mostly in [[lower extremities]], [[retroperitoneal]] region, and [[shoulder]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | + | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | +/- | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* [[Weight loss]] | |||
* [[Fatigue]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | - | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* N/A | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
*[[Amplification]] of 12q13–15 region in [[MDM2]] and [[CDK4]] [[genes]] | |||
*[[Translocations|Translocation]] of t (12;16) (q13;p11.2) in myxoid [[liposarcoma]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[CT scan]]: | |||
* Inhomogenous fatty structure | |||
* [[Tumor]] [[mineralization]] | |||
*[[Cortical bone|Cortical]] [[bone]] erosion | |||
*[[Calcification]] | |||
* Infiltration to [[mediastinum]] | |||
[[MRI]]: | |||
*[[Adipose]] content [[mass]] | |||
* Thin [[Irregular bone|irregular]] [[septa]] | |||
*[[Hemorrhage]] | |||
*[[Necrosis]] areas | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" |Divided into following subtypes: | |||
* Well-differentiated | |||
* Dedifferentiated, Myxoid/ round [[cell]] | |||
*[[Pleomorphic]] | |||
Common findings: | |||
* Lipoblasts presence | |||
*[[Cytoplasmic]] [[lipid]] [[vacuoles]] | |||
*[[Chromatin]] spikes | |||
|- | |||
! style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Pediatric]] [[acute myelocytic leukemia]]<ref name="pmid18064533">{{cite journal| author=Yamamoto JF, Goodman MT| title=Patterns of leukemia incidence in the United States by subtype and demographic characteristics, 1997-2002. | journal=Cancer Causes Control | year= 2008 | volume= 19 | issue= 4 | pages= 379-90 | pmid=18064533 | doi=10.1007/s10552-007-9097-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18064533 }}</ref><ref name="pmid23634996">{{cite journal| author=Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Ley TJ, Miller C, Ding L, Raphael BJ, Mungall AJ et al.| title=Genomic and epigenomic landscapes of adult de novo acute myeloid leukemia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2013 | volume= 368 | issue= 22 | pages= 2059-74 | pmid=23634996 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1301689 | pmc=3767041 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23634996 }}</ref><ref name="pmid3864727">{{cite journal| author=Islam A, Catovsky D, Goldman JM, Galton DA| title=Bone marrow biopsy changes in acute myeloid leukaemia. I: Observations before chemotherapy. | journal=Histopathology | year= 1985 | volume= 9 | issue= 9 | pages= 939-57 | pmid=3864727 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3864727 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17587881">{{cite journal| author=Orazi A| title=Histopathology in the diagnosis and classification of acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases. | journal=Pathobiology | year= 2007 | volume= 74 | issue= 2 | pages= 97-114 | pmid=17587881 | doi=10.1159/000101709 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17587881 }}</ref> | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* Replacement of [[normal]] [[Bone marrow cells|bone marrow]] [[Cells (biology)|cells]] with [[abnormal]] [[Cells (biology)|cells]] | |||
*[[Myeloblasts|Myeloblast]] is [[malignant]] [[cell]] | |||
* Wide [[Distribution (pharmacology)|distribution]] among [[childhood]] to adults | |||
*[[Survival rate]] of 60% | |||
* Common in [[down syndrome]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | +/- ( [[Abdominal]] [[mass]], [[mediastinal]] [[mass]]) | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | + ([[bone]] [[pain]], [[joint]] [[pain]]) | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* [[Bleeding]] | |||
* [[Infectious]] | |||
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki> | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* [[Lymphadenopathy]] | |||
* [[Hepatosplenomegaly]] | |||
* [[Bruising]] | |||
* [[Petechiae]] | |||
* [[Pallor]] [[face]] | |||
*[[Anemia]] | |||
* [[Fever]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Genetic]] [[translocations]] include: | |||
*t (8;21) | |||
*t (3;21) | |||
*t (15;17) | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Radiography]]: | |||
*[[Chest]] [[radiography]]: | |||
**[[Diagnosis]] of [[mediastinal]] [[mass]] | |||
*[[Extremities]] [[radiography]]: | |||
**[[Metaphyseal]] [[bands]] | |||
**[[Lytic]] [[lesions]] | |||
** New [[Periosteal reaction|periosteal]] [[bone]] formation | |||
**[[Pathological|Pathologic]] [[fractures]] | |||
[[CT scan]]/ [[MRI]]: | |||
* Thickening/ [[edema]] of the [[bowel]] wall in presence of [[abdominal]] [[pain]] or [[bowel]] [[infection]] | |||
* Detection of early [[sinusitis]] | |||
*[[Intracranial hemorrhage|Intracranial]] [[hemorrhage]] in presence of [[neurological]] [[symptoms]] | |||
[[Radionuclide test|Radionuclide]] [[imaging]]: | |||
*[[Detection theory|Detection]] of [[occult]] [[infection]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
*[[Hyperplastic]] [[bone marrow]] with [[leukemia]] [[Cells (biology)|cells]] replacement | |||
*[[Megaloblastic Anemias|Megaloblastic]] feature | |||
* Decrease in [[normal]] [[hematopoietic cell]] | |||
|- | |||
! style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Pediatric]] [[acute lymphoblastic leukemia]]<ref name="pmid25184049">{{cite journal| author=Zuckerman T, Rowe JM| title=Pathogenesis and prognostication in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. | journal=F1000Prime Rep | year= 2014 | volume= 6 | issue= | pages= 59 | pmid=25184049 | doi=10.12703/P6-59 | pmc=4108947 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25184049 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18358930">{{cite journal| author=Pui CH, Robison LL, Look AT| title=Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. | journal=Lancet | year= 2008 | volume= 371 | issue= 9617 | pages= 1030-43 | pmid=18358930 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60457-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18358930 }}</ref> | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* The most common [[malignancy]] among children | |||
* Few cases may associated with [[down syndrome]], wiskott- aldrich syndrome, and [[ataxia-telangiectasia]] | |||
* Peak [[age]] of 2-5 years old | |||
* Previous history of [[cancer]]/ [[drug]] [[Exposure (photography)|exposure]] | |||
*[[Bone marrow]] replaced with [[malignant]] [[lymphoblasts]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
+/-( Extramedullary [[mass]] in [[abdomen]]/ [[head]]/ [[neck]]) | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | +/- ([[Musculoskeletal]] [[pain]]) | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* [[Weakness]] | |||
* [[Fatigue]] | |||
* [[Weight loss]] | |||
* [[Bleeding]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | - | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
* [[Fever]] | |||
* [[Lymphadenopathy]] | |||
* [[Hepatosplenomegaly]] | |||
* [[Pallor]] | |||
* [[Papilledema]] | |||
*[[Meningism|Nuchal rigidity]] | |||
*[[Cranial nerve palsy]] | |||
*[[Dyspnea]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Chromosomal]] [[translocations]]: | |||
* t (9;22) | |||
* t (12;21) | |||
* t (5;14) | |||
* t (1;19) | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Radiography]]: | |||
[[Chest]] [[x ray]]: | |||
*[[Nodular]] [[mass]] | |||
*[[Central]] [[lymphadenopathy]] | |||
[[Bone]] [[x ray]]: | |||
* Radiolucent [[metaphyseal]] [[bands]] | |||
* Coarse trabeculation | |||
*[[Periosteal reaction]] | |||
*[[Osteopenia]] | |||
[[Brain]] [[MRI]]: | |||
*[[Leukoencephalopathy]] | |||
*[[Glial cell]] [[hyperplasia]] | |||
*[[Meningitis]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" |Divided into 3 subgroups: | |||
L1: | |||
* Small [[lymphoblast]] [[Cells (biology)|cells]] | |||
* Scant [[cytoplasm]] | |||
* Invisible [[nucleoli]] | |||
L2: | |||
* Larger [[lymphoblast]] [[Cells (biology)|cells]] | |||
* Abundant [[cytoplasm]] | |||
* Prominent [[nucleoli]] | |||
L3: | |||
* Large [[lymphoblast]] [[Cells (biology)|cells]] | |||
* Deep [[cytoplasmic]] [[basophilia]] | |||
* Similar to [[Burkitt lymphoma]] | |||
|- | |||
! style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Pediatric]] [[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma|non-hodgkin]] [[lymphoma]]<ref name="pmid23297126">{{cite journal| author=Green MR, Gentles AJ, Nair RV, Irish JM, Kihira S, Liu CL et al.| title=Hierarchy in somatic mutations arising during genomic evolution and progression of follicular lymphoma. | journal=Blood | year= 2013 | volume= 121 | issue= 9 | pages= 1604-11 | pmid=23297126 | doi=10.1182/blood-2012-09-457283 | pmc=3587323 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23297126 }}</ref><ref name="pmid26174528">{{cite journal| author=Sandlund JT| title=Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Children. | journal=Curr Hematol Malig Rep | year= 2015 | volume= 10 | issue= 3 | pages= 237-43 | pmid=26174528 | doi=10.1007/s11899-015-0277-y | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26174528 }}</ref><ref name="pmid25655608">{{cite journal| author=El-Galaly TC, Hutchings M| title=Imaging of non-Hodgkin lymphomas: diagnosis and response-adapted strategies. | journal=Cancer Treat Res | year= 2015 | volume= 165 | issue= | pages= 125-46 | pmid=25655608 | doi=10.1007/978-3-319-13150-4_5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25655608 }}</ref> | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
*[[Cancer]] derives from [[lymphocytes]] | |||
* Diverse [[age]] of incidence | |||
* Associated with [[autoimmune disorders]], previous [[cancer]] [[therapy]], and [[infection]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | + | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | - | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
*[[Lymph node]] [[swelling]] | |||
*[[Weight loss]] | |||
*[[Anorexia]] | |||
*[[Abdominal]] [[pain]] | |||
*[[Nausea]]/ [[vomiting]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | + ([[Chest]] [[tenderness]]) | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
*[[Fever]] | |||
*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]] | |||
*[[Lymphadenopathy]] | |||
*[[Seizure]] | |||
*[[Petechiae]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
*[[MLL2]] | |||
*[[MEF2B]] | |||
*[[EZH2]] | |||
*[[EP300]] | |||
*[[KMT2D]] | |||
*[[CDKN2A]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Radiography]]: | |||
*[[Chest]] [[x ray]]: | |||
**[[Central]] [[lymphadenopathy]] | |||
**[[Pleural effusion]] | |||
**[[Pericardial effusion]] | |||
[[CT scan]]: | |||
* Presence of enlarged [[lymph node]] in [[chest]], [[abdomen]], and [[pelvis]] | |||
[[Ultrasound]]: | |||
*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]] | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Histology]] findings of [[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma|non-hodgkin]] [[lymphoma]] depend on: | |||
*[[Cell]] [[differentiation]] | |||
*[[Cell]] [[Lineage (evolution)|lineage]] | |||
* Location of [[cell]] [[origin]] | |||
|} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
Line 24: | Line 727: | ||
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}} | {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} | ||
{{WikiDoc Sources}} | {{WikiDoc Sources}} | ||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Oncology]] | |||
[[Category:Medicine]] |
Latest revision as of 04:37, 21 September 2019
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ammu Susheela, M.D. [2]
Overview
Epithelioid sarcoma must be differentiated from synovial sarcoma, wart, ganglion cysts, rhabdomyosarcoma, and clear cell sarcoma.
Differentiating Epithelioid sarcoma from other Diseases
- Synovial sarcoma
- Ulcerating squamous cell carcinoma[1]
- Granulomatous diseases
- Traumatic wound
- Wart
- Ganglion cysts
- Giant cell tumors
- Rhabdomyosarcoma
- Clear cell sarcoma
- Vascular sarcoma
Keratin | CD34 | Cytoplasm | In-sutu Kerataniztion | Location | Age group | H/O of epithelial injury | CA125 | CK5/6 | GCDFP15, S100, actin | Necrosis | Calcification | Hemangiopericytomatous vessels | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Epitheloid Sarcoma | Positive | Positive | Sharply defined | Negative | Hand and wrist | Under 40 years | No | Positive | Rare, Local | Negative | Extensive | Infrequent | Negative |
Palisaded Necrotic Granuloma | Neagtive | Negative | Indistinct | Uncommon | |||||||||
Squamous Carcinoma | Negative | Positive | >40 | Positive | Negative in cutaneous SCC
Positive everywhere |
Extensive | |||||||
Sweat Gland Carcinoma | Negative | Positive | |||||||||||
Monophasic Synovial Sarcoma | Negative | Negative | Focal | Frequent | Positive | ||||||||
Melanoma | Negative | Negative | Negative | Positive | |||||||||
Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma | Negative | Uncommon on extremities | |||||||||||
Sclerosing Epithelioid Fibrosarcoma | Negative | Cords of cells in hylainzed stroma | |||||||||||
Ischemic Fasciitis | Negative | Basophilic or amphophilic |
Disease | History/demography | Symptoms | Physical examination | Diagnosis | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Palpable mass | Pain | Others | Mass tenderness | Others | Genetics | Imaging | Histology | |||
Epitheloid Sarcoma |
|
+ | - | Mainly cutaneous manifestations | - |
|
|
|
| |
Rhabdomyosarcoma[2][3][4][5] |
|
+ | + |
|
+/- |
Mutations in: |
CT scan:
MRI:
|
| ||
Wilms tumor[6][7][8][9][10] |
|
+ | + |
|
+/- | Present mutations of: | Ultrasound:
|
| ||
Ewing sarcoma[11][12][13][14] |
|
+ | + | + |
|
Radiographic of region:
MRI:
|
| |||
Pediatric neuroblastoma [15][16][17][18] |
Age distribution:
|
+ (Abdominal) |
+ |
+(Abdominal) |
CT scan:
MRI:
|
| ||||
Pediatric pheochromocytoma[19][20][21][22] |
|
- | +/- | - | Genetic mutation in: | Ultrasound:
|
Positive stains for:
| |||
Pediatric osteosarcoma[23][24][25] |
|
+ | + | + |
|
|
Radiography:
MRI: |
| ||
Pediatric liposarcoma[26][27][28][29] |
|
+ | +/- | - |
|
|
CT scan:
MRI: |
Divided into following subtypes:
Common findings:
| ||
Pediatric acute myelocytic leukemia[30][31][32][33] |
|
+/- ( Abdominal mass, mediastinal mass) | + (bone pain, joint pain) | +/- | Genetic translocations include:
|
Radiography:
|
| |||
Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia[34][35] |
|
+/- (Musculoskeletal pain) | - | Chromosomal translocations:
|
Radiography:
|
Divided into 3 subgroups:
L1:
L2:
L3:
| ||||
Pediatric non-hodgkin lymphoma[36][37][38] |
|
+ | - | + (Chest tenderness) | Radiography:
|
Histology findings of non-hodgkin lymphoma depend on: |
References
- ↑ Epithelioid sarcoma. Sarcomahelp (2016). http://sarcomahelp.org/epithelioid-sarcoma.html Accessed on February 8, 2016
- ↑ Egas-Bejar D, Huh WW (2014). "Rhabdomyosarcoma in adolescent and young adult patients: current perspectives". Adolesc Health Med Ther. 5: 115–25. doi:10.2147/AHMT.S44582. PMC 4069040. PMID 24966711.
- ↑ Dasgupta R, Fuchs J, Rodeberg D (2016). "Rhabdomyosarcoma". Semin Pediatr Surg. 25 (5): 276–283. doi:10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2016.09.011. PMID 27955730.
- ↑ Park K, van Rijn R, McHugh K (2008). "The role of radiology in paediatric soft tissue sarcomas". Cancer Imaging. 8: 102–15. doi:10.1102/1470-7330.2008.0014. PMC 2365455. PMID 18442956.
- ↑ Shern JF, Yohe ME, Khan J (2015). "Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma". Crit Rev Oncog. 20 (3–4): 227–43. PMC 5486973. PMID 26349418.
- ↑ Hartman DS, Sanders RC (April 1982). "Wilms' tumor versus neuroblastoma: usefulness of ultrasound in differentiation". J Ultrasound Med. 1 (3): 117–22. PMID 6152936.
- ↑ De Campo JF (1986). "Ultrasound of Wilms' tumor". Pediatr Radiol. 16 (1): 21–4. PMID 3003660.
- ↑ Cahan LD (1985). "Failure of encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis procedure in moyamoya disease". Pediatr Neurosci. 12 (1): 58–62. PMID 4080660.
- ↑ Coppes MJ, Pritchard-Jones K (2000). "Principles of Wilms' tumor biology". Urol Clin North Am. 27 (3): 423–33, viii. PMID 10985142.
- ↑ Davidoff AM (2012). "Wilms tumor". Adv Pediatr. 59 (1): 247–67. doi:10.1016/j.yapd.2012.04.001. PMC 3589819. PMID 22789581.
- ↑ Burchill SA (2003). "Ewing's sarcoma: diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications of molecular abnormalities". J Clin Pathol. 56 (2): 96–102. PMC 1769883. PMID 12560386.
- ↑ Maygarden SJ, Askin FB, Siegal GP, Gilula LA, Schoppe J, Foulkes M; et al. (1993). "Ewing sarcoma of bone in infants and toddlers. A clinicopathologic report from the Intergroup Ewing's Study". Cancer. 71 (6): 2109–18. PMID 8443760.
- ↑ Panicek DM, Gatsonis C, Rosenthal DI, Seeger LL, Huvos AG, Moore SG; et al. (1997). "CT and MR imaging in the local staging of primary malignant musculoskeletal neoplasms: Report of the Radiology Diagnostic Oncology Group". Radiology. 202 (1): 237–46. doi:10.1148/radiology.202.1.8988217. PMID 8988217.
- ↑ Grünewald TGP, Cidre-Aranaz F, Surdez D, Tomazou EM, de Álava E, Kovar H; et al. (2018). "Ewing sarcoma". Nat Rev Dis Primers. 4 (1): 5. doi:10.1038/s41572-018-0003-x. PMID 29977059.
- ↑ Lonergan GJ, Schwab CM, Suarez ES, Carlson CL (2002). "Neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma: radiologic-pathologic correlation". Radiographics. 22 (4): 911–34. doi:10.1148/radiographics.22.4.g02jl15911. PMID 12110723.
- ↑ Golden CB, Feusner JH (2002). "Malignant abdominal masses in children: quick guide to evaluation and diagnosis". Pediatr Clin North Am. 49 (6): 1369–92, viii. PMID 12580370.
- ↑ Angstman KB, Miser JS, Franz WB (1990). "Neuroblastoma". Am Fam Physician. 41 (1): 238–44. PMID 2403727.
- ↑ Musarella MA, Chan HS, DeBoer G, Gallie BL (1984). "Ocular involvement in neuroblastoma: prognostic implications". Ophthalmology. 91 (8): 936–40. PMID 6493702.
- ↑ Leung K, Stamm M, Raja A, Low G (2013). "Pheochromocytoma: the range of appearances on ultrasound, CT, MRI, and functional imaging". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 200 (2): 370–8. doi:10.2214/AJR.12.9126. PMID 23345359.
- ↑ Stein PP, Black HR (1991). "A simplified diagnostic approach to pheochromocytoma. A review of the literature and report of one institution's experience". Medicine (Baltimore). 70 (1): 46–66. PMID 1988766.
- ↑ Bravo EL (1991). "Pheochromocytoma: new concepts and future trends". Kidney Int. 40 (3): 544–56. PMID 1787652.
- ↑ Bravo EL (1991). "Pheochromocytoma: new concepts and future trends". Kidney Int. 40 (3): 544–56. PMID 1787652.
- ↑ Dorfman HD, Czerniak B (1995). "Bone cancers". Cancer. 75 (1 Suppl): 203–10. PMID 8000997.
- ↑ Yarmish G, Klein MJ, Landa J, Lefkowitz RA, Hwang S (2010). "Imaging characteristics of primary osteosarcoma: nonconventional subtypes". Radiographics. 30 (6): 1653–72. doi:10.1148/rg.306105524. PMID 21071381.
- ↑ Araki N, Uchida A, Kimura T, Yoshikawa H, Aoki Y, Ueda T; et al. (1991). "Involvement of the retinoblastoma gene in primary osteosarcomas and other bone and soft-tissue tumors". Clin Orthop Relat Res (270): 271–7. PMID 1884549.
- ↑ Shmookler BM, Enzinger FM (1983). "Liposarcoma occurring in children. An analysis of 17 cases and review of the literature". Cancer. 52 (3): 567–74. PMID 6861094.
- ↑ Marcus KC, Grier HE, Shamberger RC, Gebhardt MC, Perez-Atayde A, Silver B; et al. (1997). "Childhood soft tissue sarcoma: a 20-year experience". J Pediatr. 131 (4): 603–7. PMID 9386667.
- ↑ Murphey MD, Arcara LK, Fanburg-Smith J (2005). "From the archives of the AFIP: imaging of musculoskeletal liposarcoma with radiologic-pathologic correlation". Radiographics. 25 (5): 1371–95. doi:10.1148/rg.255055106. PMID 16160117.
- ↑ Italiano A, Cardot N, Dupré F, Monticelli I, Keslair F, Piche M; et al. (2007). "Gains and complex rearrangements of the 12q13-15 chromosomal region in ordinary lipomas: the "missing link" between lipomas and liposarcomas?". Int J Cancer. 121 (2): 308–15. doi:10.1002/ijc.22685. PMID 17372913.
- ↑ Yamamoto JF, Goodman MT (2008). "Patterns of leukemia incidence in the United States by subtype and demographic characteristics, 1997-2002". Cancer Causes Control. 19 (4): 379–90. doi:10.1007/s10552-007-9097-2. PMID 18064533.
- ↑ Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Ley TJ, Miller C, Ding L, Raphael BJ, Mungall AJ; et al. (2013). "Genomic and epigenomic landscapes of adult de novo acute myeloid leukemia". N Engl J Med. 368 (22): 2059–74. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1301689. PMC 3767041. PMID 23634996.
- ↑ Islam A, Catovsky D, Goldman JM, Galton DA (1985). "Bone marrow biopsy changes in acute myeloid leukaemia. I: Observations before chemotherapy". Histopathology. 9 (9): 939–57. PMID 3864727.
- ↑ Orazi A (2007). "Histopathology in the diagnosis and classification of acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases". Pathobiology. 74 (2): 97–114. doi:10.1159/000101709. PMID 17587881.
- ↑ Zuckerman T, Rowe JM (2014). "Pathogenesis and prognostication in acute lymphoblastic leukemia". F1000Prime Rep. 6: 59. doi:10.12703/P6-59. PMC 4108947. PMID 25184049.
- ↑ Pui CH, Robison LL, Look AT (2008). "Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia". Lancet. 371 (9617): 1030–43. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60457-2. PMID 18358930.
- ↑ Green MR, Gentles AJ, Nair RV, Irish JM, Kihira S, Liu CL; et al. (2013). "Hierarchy in somatic mutations arising during genomic evolution and progression of follicular lymphoma". Blood. 121 (9): 1604–11. doi:10.1182/blood-2012-09-457283. PMC 3587323. PMID 23297126.
- ↑ Sandlund JT (2015). "Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Children". Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 10 (3): 237–43. doi:10.1007/s11899-015-0277-y. PMID 26174528.
- ↑ El-Galaly TC, Hutchings M (2015). "Imaging of non-Hodgkin lymphomas: diagnosis and response-adapted strategies". Cancer Treat Res. 165: 125–46. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13150-4_5. PMID 25655608.