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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{Ischemic stroke}} | | {{Ischemic stroke}} |
| {{CMG}} | | {{CMG}}{{AE}}{{MHP}} |
| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| Risk factors for stroke include [[Old age|advanced age]], [[hypertension]] (high blood pressure), previous stroke or TIA ([[transient ischaemic attack]]), [[diabetes mellitus]], [[hypercholesterolemia|high cholesterol]], [[cigarette smoking]], [[atrial fibrillation]], [[migraine]]<ref>[http://headaches.about.com/od/migrainediseas1/a/mx_stroke_risk.htm headaches.about.com]</ref> with aura, and [[thrombophilia]]. In clinical practice, [[blood pressure]] is the most important modifiable [[risk factor]] of stroke; however many other risk factors, such as cigarette smoking cessation and treatment of atrial fibrillation with [[anticoagulant]] drugs, are important. | | Risk factors for stroke are divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors include [[hypertension]], [[diabetes mellitus]], [[cardiac disease]], cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, [[hyperhomocysteinemia]], [[hyperlipidemia]], obesity, sedentary life style and oral contraceptive usage. Some of the non-modifiable risk factors include advanced age, male gender, family history of ischemic stroke, African-American and Hispanic race, and genetic diseases such as [[sickle cell disease]]. |
| ==Risk Factors==
| |
| Risk factors of ischemic stroke may be divided into modifiable and non modifiable risk factors:<ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16785347">{{cite journal| author=Goldstein LB, Adams R, Alberts MJ, Appel LJ, Brass LM, Bushnell CD et al.| title=Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. | journal=Circulation | year= 2006 | volume= 113 | issue= 24 | pages= e873-923 | pmid=16785347 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000223048.70103.F1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16785347 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22746010">{{cite journal| author=Awada A| title=[Primary and secondary prevention of ischemic stroke]. | journal=J Med Liban | year= 2011 | volume= 59 | issue= 4 | pages= 213-9 | pmid=22746010 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22746010 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10369318">{{cite journal| author=Hankey GJ| title=Stroke: how large a public health problem, and how can the neurologist help? | journal=Arch Neurol | year= 1999 | volume= 56 | issue= 6 | pages= 748-54 | pmid=10369318 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10369318 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26869067">{{cite journal| author=Maredza M, Bertram MY, Gómez-Olivé XF, Tollman SM| title=Burden of stroke attributable to selected lifestyle risk factors in rural South Africa. | journal=BMC Public Health | year= 2016 | volume= 16 | issue= | pages= 143 | pmid=26869067 | doi=10.1186/s12889-016-2805-7 | pmc=4751665 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26869067 }} </ref>
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| {| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align=center
| | ==Risk factor== |
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| | Identification of risk factors for stroke is complicated by the fact that strokes come in many varieties. Risk factors for [[hemorrhagic]] and [[ischemic]] stroke are similar, but there are some notable differences; there are also differences in risk factors among the etiologic categories of ischemic stroke.<ref name="pmid28154098">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boehme AK, Esenwa C, Elkind MS |title=Stroke Risk Factors, Genetics, and Prevention |journal=Circ Res |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=472–495 |date=February 2017 |pmid=28154098 |pmc=5321635 |doi=10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308398 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20561675">{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Donnell MJ, Xavier D, Liu L, Zhang H, Chin SL, Rao-Melacini P, Rangarajan S, Islam S, Pais P, McQueen MJ, Mondo C, Damasceno A, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Hankey GJ, Dans AL, Yusoff K, Truelsen T, Diener HC, Sacco RL, Ryglewicz D, Czlonkowska A, Weimar C, Wang X, Yusuf S |title=Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case-control study |journal=Lancet |volume=376 |issue=9735 |pages=112–23 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20561675 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60834-3 |url=}}</ref> |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; width: 250px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Modifiable risk factors}}
| | According to Framingham cohort and later research, the risk factors for ischemic stroke are as follows: |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; width: 250px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Non modifiable risk factors}}
| | * Modifiable risk factors |
| | ** [[Hypertension]] |
| | ** cigarette smoking |
| | ** diet |
| | ** Physical Inactivity |
| | ** [[Hyperlipidemia]] |
| | ** [[Diabetes]] |
| | ** Alcohol Consumption |
| | ** Cardiac disease ([[Atrial fibrillation]], [[Coronary artery disease]]) |
| | ** [[Apolipoprotein]] B to A1 |
| | ** [[Hyperhomocysteinemia]] |
| | ** [[Hyperlipidemia]] |
| | ** Oral contraceptive usage |
| | * Non-modifiable risk factors |
| | ** Age |
| | ** Sex |
| | ** Race/Ethnicity |
| | ** [[Sickle cell disease]] |
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| | There is a similar classification for the risk factors of [[hemorrhagic stroke]], which is: |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hypertension]]<ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19124428">{{cite journal| author=Romero JR, Morris J, Pikula A| title=Stroke prevention: modifying risk factors. | journal=Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 2 | issue= 4 | pages= 287-303 | pmid=19124428 | doi=10.1177/1753944708093847 | pmc=2729177 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19124428 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref>
| | * Modifiable risk factors |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Age >55 years <ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref>
| | ** [[Hypertension]] |
| |-
| | ** Alcohol Consumption |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Diabetes mellitus]]<ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19124428">{{cite journal| author=Romero JR, Morris J, Pikula A| title=Stroke prevention: modifying risk factors. | journal=Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 2 | issue= 4 | pages= 287-303 | pmid=19124428 | doi=10.1177/1753944708093847 | pmc=2729177 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19124428 }} </ref>
| | ** Diet |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Family history of ischemic stroke
| | * Non-modifiable risk factors |
| |-
| | ** Age |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Atrial fibrillation]]
| | ** Sex |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |African American and hispanic race<ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref>
| | ** Race/Ethnicity |
| |-
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Coronary heart disease]]<ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004 }} </ref>
| |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Male gender<ref name="pmid18706004">{{cite journal| author=Allen CL, Bayraktutan U| title=Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. | journal=Int J Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-16 | pmid=18706004 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18706004 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref>
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Cigarette smoking]]<ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref>
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Genetic disorders
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| * [[Sickle-cell disease|Sickle cell disease]] | |
| *[[Fabry disease]] | |
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Alcohal consumption<ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref>
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hyperhomocysteinemia]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Obesity]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hypertriglyceridemia]]<ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref>
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hypothyroidism]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Oral contraceptive use
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sedentary life style
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Hypercoagulable disorders<ref name="pmid22980242">{{cite journal| author=Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S| title=Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study. | journal=Glob J Health Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 158-63 | pmid=22980242 | doi=10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158 | pmc=4776924 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22980242 }} </ref>
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| |}
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{reflist|2}} | | {{reflist|2}} |
| | | {{WH}} |
| [[Category:Aging-associated diseases]]
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| [[Category:Cardiovascular diseases]]
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| [[Category:Causes of death]]
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| [[Category:Medical emergencies]]
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| [[Category:Neurology]]
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| [[Category:Neurological disorders]]
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| [[Category:Emergency medicine]]
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| [[Category:Cardiology]]
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| [[Category:Neurosurgery]]
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| [[Category:Disease]]
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| {{WS}} | | {{WS}} |
| {{WH}}
| | [[Category:Needs english review]] |