Urethritis medical therapy: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Urethritis}} | {{Urethritis}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{CZ}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MehdiP}}, {{CZ}}, {{SR}} | ||
==Overview== | |||
[[Treatment]] is based on the causative [[pathogen]]. Presumptive [[treatment]] should be initiated while waiting for the [[diagnostic]] confirmation. Once the diagnosis is confirmed, the appropriate [[antibiotic]] regimen should be initiated to reduce the risk of complications. [[Doxycycline]] 100 mg PO bid for 7 days is administered to treat [[Non-gonococcal urethritis|Non-gonococcal Urethritis]], as an alternative therapy [[azithromycin]] 1 g PO in a single dose or [[azithromycin]] 500 mg orally in a single dose; then 250 mg orally daily for 4 days is recommended. For gonococcal urethritis, [[ceftriaxone]] 500 mg IM in a single dose (for [[patients]] weighing ≥150 kg (300 lbs) [[ceftriaxone]] 1 g IM in a single dose), for alternate therapy [[gentamicin]] 240 mg PO in a single dose plus [[azithromycin]] 2 g PO in a single dose, or cefixime 800 mg PO in a single dose is recommended. [[Metronidazole]] 2 g PO in a single dose is used for patients with recurrent and persistent urethritis. Following treatment, patients should be instructed to return for evaluation if symptoms persist or recur after completion of therapy. Providers should be alert to the possibility of chronic [[prostatitis]]/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in male patients experiencing persistent pain ([[perineal]], penile, or [[pelvic]]), discomfort, irritating voiding symptoms, pain during or after ejaculation, or new onset premature ejaculation lasting for >3 months. All sex partners within the preceding 60 days should be referred for evaluation, testing, and empiric treatment with a drug regimen effective against [[Chlamydia]]. Clinicians must report both [[chlamydia]] and [[gonorrhea]] to health departments. | |||
==Medical Therapy== | ==Medical Therapy== | ||
*Presumptive [[treatment]] should be initiated while waiting for the [[diagnostic]] confirmation. | |||
=== | *Once the diagnosis is confirmed, the appropriate [[antibiotic]] regimen should be initiated to reduce the risk of complications.<ref name="pmid7629982">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stamm WE, Hicks CB, Martin DH, Leone P, Hook EW, Cooper RH, Cohen MS, Batteiger BE, Workowski K, McCormack WM |title=Azithromycin for empirical treatment of the nongonococcal urethritis syndrome in men. A randomized double-blind study |journal=JAMA |volume=274 |issue=7 |pages=545–9 |year=1995 |pmid=7629982 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[Erythromycin]] is no longer considered as an alternative choice for [[non-gonococcal urethritis|non-gonococcal urethritis]] due to its [[gastrointestinal]] [[side effect]] and number of doses required. | |||
*Due to its lower efficacy [[levofloxacin]] is no longer alternatively used for [[non-gonococcal urethritis|non-gonococcal urethritis]]. | |||
*[[ | *The standard of choice is described below.<ref>{{cite book |last = Bennett |first = John |title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases |publisher = Elsevier/Saunders |location = Philadelphia, PA |year = 2015 |isbn=9781455748013}}</ref><ref name="pmid26042815">{{cite journal |vauthors=Workowski KA, Bolan GA |title=Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015 |journal=MMWR Recomm Rep |volume=64 |issue=RR-03 |pages=1–137 |year=2015 |pmid=26042815 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20353145">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brill JR |title=Diagnosis and treatment of urethritis in men |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=81 |issue=7 |pages=873–8 |year=2010 |pmid=20353145 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
===Antibiotic Therapy=== | |||
*[[ | |||
* | |||
== | |||
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center" | |||
|+ | |||
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 180px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Disease}} | |||
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 500px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Treatment}} | |||
{| style=" | |||
! style=" | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style=" | | style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''[[Non-gonococcal urethritis|Non-gonococcal Urethritis]]''' | ||
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Recommended: | |||
:::::[[Doxycycline]] 100 mg PO bid for 7 days | |||
Alternatives: | |||
:::::[[Azithromycin]] 1 g PO in a single dose | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style=" | | style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''Gonococcal Urethritis''' | ||
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Recommended: | |||
:::::[[Ceftriaxone]] 500 mg IM in a single dose | |||
:::::For [[patients]] weighing ≥150 kg (300 lbs) [[ceftriaxone]] 1 g IM in a single dose | |||
Alternative: | |||
:::::[[gentamicin]] 240 mg PO in a single dose | |||
:::::::::'''PLUS''' | |||
:::::[[Azithromycin]] 2 g PO in a single dose | |||
:::::::::'''OR''' | |||
:::::[[cefixime]] 800 mg PO in a single dose | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style="padding: | | style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''Recurrent and Persistent Urethritis''' | ||
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |||
| style=" | :::::[[Metronidazole]] 2 g PO in a single dose | ||
:::::::::''or'' | |||
:::::[[Tinidazole]] 2 g PO in a single dose | |||
:::::::::'''PLUS''' | |||
:::::[[Azithromycin]] 1 g PO in a single dose | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Follow-Up=== | ===Follow-Up=== | ||
*[[HIV]] and [[syphilis]] should be tested in men with [[non-gonococcal urethritis|non-gonococcal urethritis]]. [[HIV]] transmission is facilitated by co-existing [[non-gonococcal urethritis|non-gonococcal urethritis]], however treatment of NGU is the same in [[HIV]] negative or positive [[patients]]. | |||
*[[Patients]] should be instructed to return for evaluation if [[symptoms]] persist or recur after completion of [[therapy]]. these [[patients]] should also be tested for [[Mycoplasma genitalium]] and [[Trichomonas vaginalis]]. <ref name="pmid26042815">{{cite journal |vauthors=Workowski KA, Bolan GA |title=Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015 |journal=MMWR Recomm Rep |volume=64 |issue=RR-03 |pages=1–137 |year=2015 |pmid=26042815 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
*It is recommended for [[male]] [[ patients]] to return after three months for re-testing to rule out [[re-infection]] especially if [[urethritis]] was due to [[chlamydia]], [[gonorrhea]], or [[trichomoniasis]]. | |||
*[[Symptoms]] without [[signs]] or [[laboratory]] evidence of [[urethral inflammation]] are not sufficient for re-treatment. | |||
*Possibilities of [[chronic prostatitis]]/[[chronic]] [[pelvic pain syndrome]] in [[male]] [[patients]] demonstrating persistent [[pain]] ([[perineal]], [[penile]], or [[pelvic]]), discomfort, irritating [[voiding]] [[symptoms]], [[pain]] during or after [[ejaculation]], or new onset [[premature ejaculation]] lasting for >3 months should be evaluated and if present, a [[[urology]] consult should be made.<ref name="pmid26042815">{{cite journal |vauthors=Workowski KA, Bolan GA |title=Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015 |journal=MMWR Recomm Rep |volume=64 |issue=RR-03 |pages=1–137 |year=2015 |pmid=26042815 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20353145">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brill JR |title=Diagnosis and treatment of urethritis in men |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=81 |issue=7 |pages=873–8 |year=2010 |pmid=20353145 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
*[[Clinicians]] must report both [[chlamydia]] and [[gonorrhea]] to [[health]] departments. | |||
===Treatment of Sexual Partners=== | |||
*If expedited [[treatment]] is required and permissible by state law for the partner then, in [[chlamydia]] negative partners single 800 mg oral dose of [[cefixime]] is recommended. In [[patients]] where [[chlamydia]] is not excluded recommended [[therapy]] is single 800 mg oral dose of [[cefixime]] plus oral doxycycline 100 mg twice daily for 7 days. | |||
*All sex partners within the preceding 60 days should be referred for evaluation, testing, and [[empiric treatment]] with a [[drug]] regimen effective against [[Chlamydia]]. | |||
*A specific [[diagnosis]] might facilitate partner referral. Therefore, testing for [[gonorrhea]] and [[chlamydia]] [[infection]] is encouraged. A substantial proportion of [[female]] partners of males with non-chlamydial, [[non-gonococcal urethritis]] are [[infected]] with [[chlamydia]]. | |||
*Partner [[treatment]] is recommended for [[males]] with [[non-gonococcal urethritis]] regardless of whether a specific [[etiology]] is identified.<ref name="pmid26042815">{{cite journal |vauthors=Workowski KA, Bolan GA |title=Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015 |journal=MMWR Recomm Rep |volume=64 |issue=RR-03 |pages=1–137 |year=2015 |pmid=26042815 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20353145">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brill JR |title=Diagnosis and treatment of urethritis in men |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=81 |issue=7 |pages=873–8 |year=2010 |pmid=20353145 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
A specific diagnosis might facilitate partner referral. Therefore, testing for gonorrhea and chlamydia is encouraged. | |||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
Latest revision as of 15:57, 27 August 2021
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2], Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [3], Sujit Routray, M.D. [4]
Overview
Treatment is based on the causative pathogen. Presumptive treatment should be initiated while waiting for the diagnostic confirmation. Once the diagnosis is confirmed, the appropriate antibiotic regimen should be initiated to reduce the risk of complications. Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid for 7 days is administered to treat Non-gonococcal Urethritis, as an alternative therapy azithromycin 1 g PO in a single dose or azithromycin 500 mg orally in a single dose; then 250 mg orally daily for 4 days is recommended. For gonococcal urethritis, ceftriaxone 500 mg IM in a single dose (for patients weighing ≥150 kg (300 lbs) ceftriaxone 1 g IM in a single dose), for alternate therapy gentamicin 240 mg PO in a single dose plus azithromycin 2 g PO in a single dose, or cefixime 800 mg PO in a single dose is recommended. Metronidazole 2 g PO in a single dose is used for patients with recurrent and persistent urethritis. Following treatment, patients should be instructed to return for evaluation if symptoms persist or recur after completion of therapy. Providers should be alert to the possibility of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in male patients experiencing persistent pain (perineal, penile, or pelvic), discomfort, irritating voiding symptoms, pain during or after ejaculation, or new onset premature ejaculation lasting for >3 months. All sex partners within the preceding 60 days should be referred for evaluation, testing, and empiric treatment with a drug regimen effective against Chlamydia. Clinicians must report both chlamydia and gonorrhea to health departments.
Medical Therapy
- Presumptive treatment should be initiated while waiting for the diagnostic confirmation.
- Once the diagnosis is confirmed, the appropriate antibiotic regimen should be initiated to reduce the risk of complications.[1]
- Erythromycin is no longer considered as an alternative choice for non-gonococcal urethritis due to its gastrointestinal side effect and number of doses required.
- Due to its lower efficacy levofloxacin is no longer alternatively used for non-gonococcal urethritis.
- The standard of choice is described below.[2][3][4]
Antibiotic Therapy
| Disease | Treatment |
|---|---|
| Non-gonococcal Urethritis | Recommended:
Alternatives:
|
| Gonococcal Urethritis | Recommended:
Alternative:
|
| Recurrent and Persistent Urethritis |
|
Follow-Up
- HIV and syphilis should be tested in men with non-gonococcal urethritis. HIV transmission is facilitated by co-existing non-gonococcal urethritis, however treatment of NGU is the same in HIV negative or positive patients.
- Patients should be instructed to return for evaluation if symptoms persist or recur after completion of therapy. these patients should also be tested for Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis. [3]
- It is recommended for male patients to return after three months for re-testing to rule out re-infection especially if urethritis was due to chlamydia, gonorrhea, or trichomoniasis.
- Symptoms without signs or laboratory evidence of urethral inflammation are not sufficient for re-treatment.
- Possibilities of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in male patients demonstrating persistent pain (perineal, penile, or pelvic), discomfort, irritating voiding symptoms, pain during or after ejaculation, or new onset premature ejaculation lasting for >3 months should be evaluated and if present, a [[[urology]] consult should be made.[3][4]
- Clinicians must report both chlamydia and gonorrhea to health departments.
Treatment of Sexual Partners
- If expedited treatment is required and permissible by state law for the partner then, in chlamydia negative partners single 800 mg oral dose of cefixime is recommended. In patients where chlamydia is not excluded recommended therapy is single 800 mg oral dose of cefixime plus oral doxycycline 100 mg twice daily for 7 days.
- All sex partners within the preceding 60 days should be referred for evaluation, testing, and empiric treatment with a drug regimen effective against Chlamydia.
- A specific diagnosis might facilitate partner referral. Therefore, testing for gonorrhea and chlamydia infection is encouraged. A substantial proportion of female partners of males with non-chlamydial, non-gonococcal urethritis are infected with chlamydia.
- Partner treatment is recommended for males with non-gonococcal urethritis regardless of whether a specific etiology is identified.[3][4]
References
- ↑ Stamm WE, Hicks CB, Martin DH, Leone P, Hook EW, Cooper RH, Cohen MS, Batteiger BE, Workowski K, McCormack WM (1995). "Azithromycin for empirical treatment of the nongonococcal urethritis syndrome in men. A randomized double-blind study". JAMA. 274 (7): 545–9. PMID 7629982.
- ↑ Bennett, John (2015). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 9781455748013.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Workowski KA, Bolan GA (2015). "Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015". MMWR Recomm Rep. 64 (RR-03): 1–137. PMID 26042815.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Brill JR (2010). "Diagnosis and treatment of urethritis in men". Am Fam Physician. 81 (7): 873–8. PMID 20353145.