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{{WBRQuestion
{{WBRQuestion
|QuestionAuthor={{Rim}}
|QuestionAuthor= {{YD}} (Reviewed by  {{YD}})
|ExamType=USMLE Step 1
|ExamType=USMLE Step 1
|MainCategory=Physiology
|MainCategory=Physiology
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|MainCategory=Physiology
|MainCategory=Physiology
|SubCategory=Renal
|SubCategory=Renal
|MainCategory=Physiology
|MainCategory=Physiology
|MainCategory=Physiology
|MainCategory=Physiology
|MainCategory=Physiology
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|MainCategory=Physiology
|MainCategory=Physiology
|SubCategory=Renal
|SubCategory=Renal
|Prompt=A researcher is studying the fate of bile salts following secretion into the gastrointestinal tract. At the level of the kidney, the researcher notes that the concentration of bile salts within the nephron increases sharply as concentrations are measured in various segments of the nephron. According to the image below, which of the following nephron segments is responsible for the secretion of bile salts?
|Prompt=A researcher is studying the fate of bile salts following release into the gastrointestinal tract. At the level of the kidney, the researcher notes that after filtration, the amount of bile salts within one of the nephron segments increases rapidly. Based on the image shown below, which of the following nephron segments is responsible for the secretion of bile salts?
 
[[Image:nephron.png\px350]]
|Explanation=The [[proximal tubule]] is the most important nephron segment responsible for secretion of organic acids and bases.  As such, [[bile salts]], [[oxalate]], urate, and catecholamines are all secreted mainly in the proximal tubule.  Both filtration and secretion of these compounds play an important role in their renal excretion.
The proximal tubule is considered a site of major metabolic activity with numerous mitochondria to serve its metabolic function.
 
Educational Objective:
The proximal tubule of the nephron is the most important segment for secretion of bile salts, oxalate, urate, and catecholamines.
 


[[Image:NephronWBR.jpg|600px]]
|Explanation=The [[proximal convoluted tubule]] is the most important nephron segment responsible for secretion of organic acids and bases. Accordingly, [[bile salts]], [[oxalate]], [[urate]], and [[catecholamines]] are all mainly secreted in the proximal convoluted tubule. Both filtration and secretion of these compounds play an important role in their renal excretion.
|AnswerA=A
|AnswerA=A
|AnswerAExp=The proximal tubule of the nephron is the most important segment for secretion of bile salts.
|AnswerAExp=The [[proximal convoluted tubule]] is the most important nephron segment responsible for secretion of organic acids and bases.
|AnswerB=B
|AnswerB=B
|AnswerBExp=Thin descending segment of loop of Henle is not the major site of bile salt secretion. The thin descending loop of Henle has thin epithelial membranes that lacks brush borders. Because it is considered a segment with minimal metabolic activity, few mitochondria are located in this site of nephron.
|AnswerBExp=The [[thin descending loop of Henle]] is not the major site of bile salt secretion. The thin descending loop of Henle has thin epithelial membranes that lack brush borders. Because it is a segment with minimal metabolic activity, few mitochondria are located in this site.
|AnswerC=C
|AnswerC=C
|AnswerCExp=Thick ascending loop of Henle is not the major site of bile salt secretion. It has thick epithelial cells with high metabolic activity. Reabsorption of major ions, such as sodium, potassium, and chloride, occurs at the level of thick ascending loop of Henle.  
|AnswerCExp=The [[thick ascending loop of Henle]] is not the major site of bile salt secretion. It has thick epithelial cells with high metabolic activity. Reabsorption of major ions, such as sodium, potassium, and chloride, occurs at the level of the thick ascending loop of Henle.
|AnswerD=D
|AnswerD=D
|AnswerDExp=The distal tubule is not the major site of bile salt secretion. Its first part forms the macula densa, a part of the juxtaglomerular complex. The convoluted part of the distal tubules has reabsorptive capacity similar to that of the thick ascending loop of Henle. The distal part of the distal tubules has similar functional characteristics as that of cortical collecting tubule.
|AnswerDExp=The [[distal tubule]] is not the major site of bile salt secretion. The first part of the distal tubule forms the macula densa, a part of the juxtaglomerular complex. The convoluted part of the distal tubules has reabsorptive capacity similar to that of the thick ascending loop of Henle. The distal part of the distal tubules has similar functional characteristics as that of the cortical collecting tubule.
|AnswerE=E
|AnswerE=E
|AnswerEExp=The collecting duct is not the major site of bile salt secretion. Collecting tubules contain principal cells and intercalated cells.
|AnswerEExp=The [[collecting duct]] is not the major site of bile salt secretion. Collecting tubules contain principal cells and intercalated cells.
|EducationalObjectives=The [[proximal convoluted tubule]] is the most important nephron segment responsible for secretion of organic acids and bases.
|References=Corbett CL, Bartholomew TC, Billing BH, et al. Urinary excretion of bile acids in cholestasis: evidence for renal tubular secretion in man. Clin Sci (Lond). 1981;61(6):773-80.<br>
Barnes S, Gollan JL, Billing BH. The role of tubular reabsorption in the renal excretion of bile acids. Biochem J. 1977;166(1):65-73.<br>
First Aid 2014 page 221
|RightAnswer=A
|RightAnswer=A
|Approved=No
|WBRKeyword=Loop of Henle, Bile salt, Nephron, Secretion, Bile acid, Proximal convoluted tubule
|Approved=Yes
}}
}}

Latest revision as of 00:30, 28 October 2020
Author [[PageAuthor::Yazan Daaboul, M.D. (Reviewed by Yazan Daaboul, M.D.)]]
Exam Type ExamType::USMLE Step 1
Main Category MainCategory::Physiology
Sub Category SubCategory::Renal
Prompt [[Prompt::A researcher is studying the fate of bile salts following release into the gastrointestinal tract. At the level of the kidney, the researcher notes that after filtration, the amount of bile salts within one of the nephron segments increases rapidly. Based on the image shown below, which of the following nephron segments is responsible for the secretion of bile salts?

]]

Answer A AnswerA::A
Answer A Explanation [[AnswerAExp::The proximal convoluted tubule is the most important nephron segment responsible for secretion of organic acids and bases.]]
Answer B AnswerB::B
Answer B Explanation [[AnswerBExp::The thin descending loop of Henle is not the major site of bile salt secretion. The thin descending loop of Henle has thin epithelial membranes that lack brush borders. Because it is a segment with minimal metabolic activity, few mitochondria are located in this site.]]
Answer C AnswerC::C
Answer C Explanation [[AnswerCExp::The thick ascending loop of Henle is not the major site of bile salt secretion. It has thick epithelial cells with high metabolic activity. Reabsorption of major ions, such as sodium, potassium, and chloride, occurs at the level of the thick ascending loop of Henle.]]
Answer D AnswerD::D
Answer D Explanation [[AnswerDExp::The distal tubule is not the major site of bile salt secretion. The first part of the distal tubule forms the macula densa, a part of the juxtaglomerular complex. The convoluted part of the distal tubules has reabsorptive capacity similar to that of the thick ascending loop of Henle. The distal part of the distal tubules has similar functional characteristics as that of the cortical collecting tubule.]]
Answer E AnswerE::E
Answer E Explanation [[AnswerEExp::The collecting duct is not the major site of bile salt secretion. Collecting tubules contain principal cells and intercalated cells.]]
Right Answer RightAnswer::A
Explanation [[Explanation::The proximal convoluted tubule is the most important nephron segment responsible for secretion of organic acids and bases. Accordingly, bile salts, oxalate, urate, and catecholamines are all mainly secreted in the proximal convoluted tubule. Both filtration and secretion of these compounds play an important role in their renal excretion.

Educational Objective: The proximal convoluted tubule is the most important nephron segment responsible for secretion of organic acids and bases.
References: Corbett CL, Bartholomew TC, Billing BH, et al. Urinary excretion of bile acids in cholestasis: evidence for renal tubular secretion in man. Clin Sci (Lond). 1981;61(6):773-80.
Barnes S, Gollan JL, Billing BH. The role of tubular reabsorption in the renal excretion of bile acids. Biochem J. 1977;166(1):65-73.
First Aid 2014 page 221]]

Approved Approved::Yes
Keyword WBRKeyword::Loop of Henle, WBRKeyword::Bile salt, WBRKeyword::Nephron, WBRKeyword::Secretion, WBRKeyword::Bile acid, WBRKeyword::Proximal convoluted tubule
Linked Question Linked::
Order in Linked Questions LinkedOrder::
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