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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{DiseaseDisorder infobox |
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| Name = Acute myeloid leukemia |
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| ICD10 = {{ICD10|C|92|0|c|81}} |
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| ICD9 = {{ICD9|205.0}} |
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| ICDO = {{ICDO|9861|3}} |
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| Image = Auer_rods.PNG |
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| Caption = Bone marrow aspirate showing acute myeloid leukemia. Arrows indicate [[Auer rods]].|
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| OMIM = 602439 |
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| MedlinePlus = 000542 |
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| DiseasesDB = 203 |
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| }}
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| {{Acute myeloid leukemia}} | | {{Acute myeloid leukemia}} |
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| '''For patient information click [[Leukemia (patient information)|here]]''' | | '''For patient information click [[Leukemia (patient information)|here]]''' |
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| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{RT}} | | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{RT}} {{CLG}} {{shyam}}; {{GRR}} {{Nat}} |
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| ==Overview==
| | {{SK}} AML; acute granulocytic leukaemia; acute myeloblastic leukemia; acute myelogenous leukemia; acute nonlymphocytic leukemia; M7; megakaryocytic leukemia; Acute monocytic leukemia; AMoL; AML-M5 |
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| | ==[[Acute myeloid leukemia overview|Overview]]== |
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| ==History== | | ==[[Acute myeloid leukemia historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
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| ==Signs and symptoms== | | ==[[Acute myeloid leukemia classification|Classification]]== |
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| ==Causes== | | ==[[Acute myeloid leukemia pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
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| ==Epidemiology== | | ==[[Acute myeloid leukemia causes|Causes]]== |
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| ==Pathophysiology== | | ==[[Acute myeloid leukemia differential diagnosis|Differentiating Acute Myeloid Leukemia from Other Diseases]]== |
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| ==Diagnosis== | | ==[[Acute myeloid leukemia epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
| The first clue to a diagnosis of AML is typically an abnormal result on a [[complete blood count]]. While an excess of abnormal white blood cells ([[leukocytosis]]) is a common finding, and leukemic blasts are sometimes seen, AML can also present with isolated decreases in [[platelet]]s, [[red blood cell]]s, or even with a ''low'' white blood cell count ([[leukopenia]]).<ref>Abeloff, Martin et al. (2004), p. 2834.</ref> While a presumptive diagnosis of AML can be made via examination of the peripheral blood smear when there are circulating leukemic blasts, a definitive diagnosis usually requires an adequate bone marrow aspiration and biopsy
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| A [[bone marrow examination]] is often performed to identify the type of abnormal blood cells; however, if there are many leukemic cells circulating in the peripheral blood, a bone marrow [[biopsy]] may not be necessary. Marrow or blood is examined via [[light microscopy]] as well as [[flow cytometry]] to diagnose the presence of leukemia, to differentiate AML from other types of leukemia (e.g. [[acute lymphoblastic leukemia]]), and to classify the subtype of disease (see below). A sample of marrow or blood is typically also tested for [[chromosomal translocation]]s by routine [[cytogenetics]] or [[fluorescent in situ hybridization]].
| | ==[[Acute myeloid leukemia risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
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| The diagnosis and classification of AML can be challenging, and should be performed by a qualified [[hematopathologist]] or [[hematologist]]. In straightforward cases, the presence of certain morphologic features (such as [[Auer rods]]) or specific flow cytometry results can distinguish AML from other leukemias; however, in the absence of such features, diagnosis may be more difficult.<ref>Abeloff, Martin et al. (2004), p. 2835.</ref>
| | ==[[Acute myeloid leukemia screening|Screening]]== |
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| According to the widely used [[WHO]] criteria, the diagnosis of AML is established by demonstrating involvement of more than 20% of the blood and/or bone marrow by leukemic [[myeloblast]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Harris N, Jaffe E, Diebold J, Flandrin G, Muller-Hermelink H, Vardiman J, Lister T, Bloomfield C | title = The World Health Organization classification of neoplastic diseases of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Report of the Clinical Advisory Committee meeting, Airlie House, Virginia, November, 1997 | journal = Ann Oncol | volume = 10 | issue = 12 | pages = 1419–32 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10643532}}</ref> AML must be carefully differentiated from "pre-leukemic" conditions such as [[myelodysplastic syndrome|myelodysplastic]] or [[myeloproliferative syndrome|myeloproliferative]] syndromes, which are treated differently.
| | ==[[Acute myeloid leukemia natural history|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
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| Because [[acute promyelocytic leukemia]] (APL) has the highest curability and requires a unique form of treatment, it is important to quickly establish or exclude the diagnosis of this subtype of leukemia. [[Fluorescent in situ hybridization]] performed on blood or bone marrow is often used for this purpose, as it readily identifies the [[chromosomal translocation]] (t[15;17]) that characterizes APL.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Grimwade D, Howe K, Langabeer S, Davies L, Oliver F, Walker H, Swirsky D, Wheatley K, Goldstone A, Burnett A, Solomon E | title = Establishing the presence of the t(15;17) in suspected acute promyelocytic leukaemia: cytogenetic, molecular and PML immunofluorescence assessment of patients entered into the M.R.C. ATRA trial. M.R.C. Adult Leukaemia Working Party. | journal = Br J Haematol | volume = 94 | issue = 3 | pages = 557-73 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8790159}}</ref>
| | ==Diagnosis== |
| | [[Acute myeloid leukemia diagnostic study of choice|Diagnostic Study of Choice]] | [[Acute myeloid leukemia history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Acute myeloid leukemia physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Acute myeloid leukemia laboratory tests|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Acute myeloid leukemia electrocardiogram|Electrocardigram]] | [[Acute myeloid leukemia chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Acute myeloid leukemia echocardiograph and ultrasound|Echocardiograph and Ultrasound]] | [[Acute myeloid leukemia CT|CT]] | [[Acute myeloid leukemia mri|MRI]] | [[Acute myeloid leukemia other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Acute myeloid leukemia other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
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| ===Pathology=== | | ==Treatment== |
| | | [[Acute myeloid leukemia medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Acute myeloid leukemia surgery|Surgery]] | [[Acute myeloid leukemia primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Acute myeloid leukemia secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Acute myeloid leukemia cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Acute myeloid leukemia future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
| <div align="left">
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| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
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| Image:AML.jpg|AML - Auer Rods, DIC<ref>http://picasaweb.google.com/mcmumbi/USMLEIIImages</ref>
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| Image:AML (with Auer Rods).jpg|AML (with Auer Rods)<ref>http://picasaweb.google.com/mcmumbi/USMLEIIImages</ref>
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| (Images shown below are courtesy of Melih Aktan MD., Istanbul Medical Faculty - Turkey, and Kyoto University - Japan)
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| <div align="left">
| | ==Case Studies== |
| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
| | [[Acute myeloid leukemia case study one|Case #1]] |
| Image:AML-M0 0001.jpg|AML-M0
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| Image:AML-M1 0002.jpg|AML-M1
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| | | ==Related Chapters== |
| <div align="left">
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| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
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| Image:AML-M1 peroxidase 0001.jpg|AML-M1 peroxidase
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| Image:AML-M1 0005.jpg|AML-M1
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| <div align="left">
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| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
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| Image:AML-M1 0004.jpg|AML-M1
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| Image:AML-M1 0003.jpg|AML-M1
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| <div align="left">
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| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
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| Image:AML-M2 0002.jpg|AML-M2
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| Image:AML-M2 0001.jpg|AML-M2
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| </div>
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| <div align="left">
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| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
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| Image:AML-M2 0004.jpg|AML-M2
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| Image:AML-M2 0003.jpg|AML-M2
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| <div align="left">
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| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
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| Image:AML-M3 0006.jpg|AML-M3
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| Image:AML-M3 0004.jpg|AML-M3
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| <div align="left">
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| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
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| Image:AML-M3 0002.jpg|AML-M3
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| Image:AML-M3 0001.jpg|AML-M3
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| </gallery>
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| <div align="left">
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| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
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| Image:AML-M3 Auer bodies 0005.jpg|AML-M3 Auer bodies
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| Image:AML-M3 Auer bodies 0003.jpg|AML-M3 Auer bodies
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| <div align="left">
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| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
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| Image:AML-M3 variation 0007.jpg|AML-M3 variation
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| Image:AML-M4 0001.jpg|AML-M4
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| <div align="left">
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| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
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| Image:AML-M5a 0003.jpg|AML-M5a
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| Image:AML-M5a 0001.jpg|AML-M5a
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| <div align="left">
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| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
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| Image:AML-M5a alpha naphtyle acetat 0002.jpg|AML-M5a (alpha naphtyle acetat)
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| Image:AML-M5b 0001.jpg|AML-M5b
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| <div align="left">
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| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
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| Image:AML-M5b 0002.jpg|AML-M5b
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| Image:AML-M7 0001.jpg|AML-M7
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| Image:AML-M7 CD41 0001.jpg|AML-M7
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| ==Classification==
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| ==Prognosis==
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| ==Treatment==
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Chloroma]] | | * [[Chloroma]] |
| * [[Chronic myelogenous leukemia]] | | * [[Chronic myelogenous leukemia]] |
| * [[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]] | | * [[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]] |
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| ==Further reading==
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| * {{cite book |author = Martin Abeloff |coauthors= James Armitage, John Niederhuber, Michael Kastan, W. Gillies McKenna |title= Clinical Oncology |year= 2004 |publisher= Elsevier Churchill Livingstone |location= St. Louis, Mo. |edition = 3rd. edition |id= ISBN 0-443-06629-9}}
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| * {{cite book |author = Ronald Hoffman |coauthors= Edward Benz, Jr., Sanford Shattil, Bruce Furie, Harvey Cohen, Leslie Silberstein, Philip McGlave |title= Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice |year= 2005 |publisher= Elsevier Churchill Livingstone |location= St. Louis, Mo. |edition = 4th. edition |id= ISBN 0-443-06629-9}}
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| ==External links== | | ==External links== |
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| * [http://www.kanbilim.com/dahiliyeatlasi.htm Atlas of Hematology]
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| * [http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/CRI_2_1x.asp?rnav=criov&dt=82 American Cancer Society page on Acute Myeloid Leukemia]
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| * [http://leukemia.acor.org/ Association of Cancer Online Resource (ACOR) Leukemia Links]
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| * [http://www.leukemia-lymphoma.org/all_page?item_id=8459 Leukemia & Lymphoma Society page on Acute Myeloid Leukemia]
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| * [http://www.cchs.net/health/health-info/docs/1400/1403.asp?index=6211 Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia]
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| * [http://www.marrow.org National Marrow Donor Program]
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| * [http://www.bmtinfonet.org/ Blood & Marrow Transplant Information Network]
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| * [http://www.cancer.gov/cancer_information/doc.aspx?viewid=4d3f920e-87d6-4b6a-a2fe-74c6efa53398&version=1 National Cancer Institute (NCI) PDQ statement on AML for health professionals] | | * [http://www.cancer.gov/cancer_information/doc.aspx?viewid=4d3f920e-87d6-4b6a-a2fe-74c6efa53398&version=1 National Cancer Institute (NCI) PDQ statement on AML for health professionals] |
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| {{Hematological malignancy histology}} | | {{Hematological malignancy histology}} |
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| [[ar:ابيضاض الدم النقوي الحاد]]
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| [[de:Akute myeloische Leukämie]]
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| [[es:Leucemia mieloide aguda]]
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| [[he:לוקמיה מיאלואידית חריפה]]
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| [[ja:急性骨髄性白血病]]
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| [[pl:Ostra białaczka szpikowa]]
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| [[pt:Leucemia mielóide aguda]]
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| [[sr:Акутна мијелоцитна леукемија]]
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| [[sv:Akut myeloisk leukemi]]
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| [[zh:急性骨髓性白血病]]
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