Horseshoe kidney natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
The majority of patients with horseshoe kidney are asymptomatic and incidentally detected during renal imaging.However the outcome depends on associated urologic problems.
The majority of patients with horseshoe kidney are asymptomatic and incidentally detected during renal imaging. However the outcome depends on associated urological problems.
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==


===Natural History===
===Natural History===
*The symptoms of (disease name) usually develop in the first/ second/ third decade of life, and start with symptoms such as ___.
*The majority of patients with horseshoe kidney are asymptomatic and incidentally detected during renal imaging. However the outcome depends on associated urological problems.
*The symptoms of (disease name) typically develop ___ years after exposure to ___.
*If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
*The majority of patients with horseshoe kidney are asymptomatic and incidentally detected during renal imaging.However the outcome depends on associated urologic problems.


===Complications===
===Complications===
*Common complications of [disease name] include:
*Common complications of horseshoe kidney include:<ref name="pmid28744072">{{cite journal| author=Shah HU, Ojili V| title=Multimodality imaging spectrum of complications of horseshoe kidney. | journal=Indian J Radiol Imaging | year= 2017 | volume= 27 | issue= 2 | pages= 133-140 | pmid=28744072 | doi=10.4103/ijri.IJRI_298_16 | pmc=5510309 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28744072  }}</ref>
**Pelviureteric junction obstruction leading to hydronephrosis
**[[Pelviureteric junction obstruction]] leading to [[hydronephrosis]]
**Vesicoureteric reflux
**[[Vesicoureteric reflux]]
**Renal stones
**[[Renal stones]]
**Urinary tract infection
**[[Urinary tract infections|Urinary tract infection]]
**Increased risk of nephroblastoma and an approximately threefold to fourfold higher risk for cancer of the renal pelvis.<ref>{{cite journal|year=2012|doi=10.1016/C2009-0-41746-X}}</ref>
**Increased risk of [[nephroblastoma]] and an approximately threefold to fourfold higher risk for cancer of the renal pelvis<ref>{{cite journal|year=2012|doi=10.1016/C2009-0-41746-X}}</ref>
**Increased risk for extrarenal disorders that has been associated with horseshoe kidney are gastrointestinal tract and vertebral malformations, CNS disorders and cardiovascular disease.<ref name="pmid26587938">{{cite journal| author=Je BK, Kim HK, Horn PS| title=Incidence and Spectrum of Renal Complications and Extrarenal Diseases and Syndromes in 380 Children and Young Adults With Horseshoe Kidney. | journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol | year= 2015 | volume= 205 | issue= 6 | pages= 1306-14 | pmid=26587938 | doi=10.2214/AJR.15.14625 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26587938  }}</ref>
**Increased risk for extrarenal disorders that has been associated with horseshoe kidney including:<ref name="pmid26587938">{{cite journal| author=Je BK, Kim HK, Horn PS| title=Incidence and Spectrum of Renal Complications and Extrarenal Diseases and Syndromes in 380 Children and Young Adults With Horseshoe Kidney. | journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol | year= 2015 | volume= 205 | issue= 6 | pages= 1306-14 | pmid=26587938 | doi=10.2214/AJR.15.14625 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26587938 }}</ref>
***Gastrointestinal tract malformations
***Vertebral malformations
***CNS disorders
***Cardiovascular disease
**Increasing association with [[Wilm's tumor]]
**[[Blunt trauma|Blunt traumatic injury]] as low positioning prevents protection by ribs<ref name="pmid16838618">{{cite journal| author=Pascual Samaniego M, Bravo Fernández I, Ruiz Serrano M, Ramos Martín JA, Lázaro Méndez J, García González A| title=[Traumatic rupture of a horseshoe kidney]. | journal=Actas Urol Esp | year= 2006 | volume= 30 | issue= 4 | pages= 424-8 | pmid=16838618 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16838618 }}</ref>


===Prognosis===
===Prognosis===
*Prognosis is generally excellent in majority of the patients,without any intervention.<ref name="pmid13828436">{{cite journal| author=GLENN JF| title=Analysis of 51 patients with horseshoe kidney. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1959 | volume= 261 | issue=  | pages= 684-7 | pmid=13828436 | doi=10.1056/NEJM195910012611402 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13828436  }}</ref><ref name="pmid17858404">{{cite journal| author=Culp OS| title=Treatment of Horseshoe Kidneys. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1944 | volume= 119 | issue= 5 | pages= 777-87 | pmid=17858404 | doi= | pmc=1617854 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17858404  }}</ref>(and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [--]%.)
*Prognosis is generally excellent in majority of the patients,without any intervention unless there is an associated complication.<ref name="pmid13828436">{{cite journal| author=GLENN JF| title=Analysis of 51 patients with horseshoe kidney. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1959 | volume= 261 | issue=  | pages= 684-7 | pmid=13828436 | doi=10.1056/NEJM195910012611402 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13828436  }}</ref><ref name="pmid17858404">{{cite journal| author=Culp OS| title=Treatment of Horseshoe Kidneys. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1944 | volume= 119 | issue= 5 | pages= 777-87 | pmid=17858404 | doi= | pmc=1617854 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17858404  }}</ref>
*Depending on the extent of the [tumor/disease progression] at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis may vary. However, the prognosis is generally regarded as poor/good/excellent.
*The presence of [characteristic of disease] is associated with a particularly [good/poor] prognosis among patients with [disease/malignancy].
*[Subtype of disease/malignancy] is associated with the most favorable prognosis.
*The prognosis varies with the [characteristic] of tumor; [subtype of disease/malignancy] have the most favorable prognosis.


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 20:25, 23 January 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

The majority of patients with horseshoe kidney are asymptomatic and incidentally detected during renal imaging. However the outcome depends on associated urological problems.

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Natural History

  • The majority of patients with horseshoe kidney are asymptomatic and incidentally detected during renal imaging. However the outcome depends on associated urological problems.

Complications

Prognosis

  • Prognosis is generally excellent in majority of the patients,without any intervention unless there is an associated complication.[5][6]

References

  1. ↑ Shah HU, Ojili V (2017). "Multimodality imaging spectrum of complications of horseshoe kidney". Indian J Radiol Imaging. 27 (2): 133–140. doi:10.4103/ijri.IJRI_298_16. PMC 5510309. PMID 28744072.
  2. ↑ . 2012. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-41746-X. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. ↑ Je BK, Kim HK, Horn PS (2015). "Incidence and Spectrum of Renal Complications and Extrarenal Diseases and Syndromes in 380 Children and Young Adults With Horseshoe Kidney". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 205 (6): 1306–14. doi:10.2214/AJR.15.14625. PMID 26587938.
  4. ↑ Pascual Samaniego M, Bravo Fernández I, Ruiz Serrano M, Ramos Martín JA, Lázaro Méndez J, García González A (2006). "[Traumatic rupture of a horseshoe kidney]". Actas Urol Esp. 30 (4): 424–8. PMID 16838618.
  5. ↑ GLENN JF (1959). "Analysis of 51 patients with horseshoe kidney". N Engl J Med. 261: 684–7. doi:10.1056/NEJM195910012611402. PMID 13828436.
  6. ↑ Culp OS (1944). "Treatment of Horseshoe Kidneys". Ann Surg. 119 (5): 777–87. PMC 1617854. PMID 17858404.

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